Bottom secret  Who ?what ? when ?  where?  why ? -------- Original Message --------
Is this for real ...

Topic
BIOLOGICAL Mediation  of precived pests

Topic 40 of 99 [Geo]: Geo in the News Response 31 of 179: Marcia (MarciaH <mailto:MarciaH>) * Wed, Nov 15, 2000 (17:21) * 74 lines </yapp-bin/public/scribble/Geo/40/31>Ant-Eating Flies May Rescue South  Topic 40 of 99 [Geo]: Geo in the News Response 31 of 179: Marcia  (MarciaH <mailto:MarciaH>) * Wed, Nov 15, 2000 (17:21) * 74 lines <http://www.ars.usda.gov> Texas A&M University fire-ant site: <http://fireant.tamu.edu>

"There is nothing more dangerous than initiating a new order of things" ---- Machiavelli

 Topic 40 of 99 [Geo]: Geo in the News Response 31 of 179: Marcia  (MarciaH <mailto:MarciaH>) * Wed, Nov 15, 2000 (17:21) * 74 lines
 
 </yapp-bin/public/scribble/Geo/40/31>Ant-Eating Flies May Rescue South

WASHINGTON (AP) - A tiny Brazilian fly whose larvae literally eat the heads off of fire ants will be unleashed across the South
under a government program to control the vicious ants that are a spreading menace to homeowners, farmers and wildlife.
The Agriculture Department, which claims the gnat-like phorid fly is of no danger to anybody or anything other than fire ants,
announced plans Wednesday to release hundreds of thousands of them in the South and possibly in California, where the ants have now
spread.

``It is a self-sustaining biocontrol,'' said Richard Brenner, who leads a USDA research team in Florida. ``Twelve sites per state
could blanket the state within five years.''

Fire ants can make life miserable for homeowners and gardeners and cause billions of dollars in damage every year to air
conditioners, electrical equipment and farms, experts say. The ants can blind and even kill livestock and wildlife, and the sting is
occasionally fatal to humans.

The ants, which are native to South America, have no natural enemies in the United States. Chemical treatments are only
effective temporarily.
``Anything that will take care of these fire ants will be fine with me, as long as it doesn't hurt anything else or the
environment,'' said Kym Bell, a Cottondale, Ala., woman whose 5-year-old daughter missed several days of kindergarten this fall
because of repeated ant bites on her school playground. The stings left welts the size of a half dollar on her skin.
 
The phorid fly helps keep the ants under control in Brazil and Argentina, where infestation levels are far lower than they are in
the United States.

The flies hover over ant mounds before darting down and injecting a torpedo-like egg into the ants. After one of the eggs
hatches, the maggot decapitates the ant by eating the brain and other contents of the head. The maggot later turns into a fly and
the cycle is repeated.

The flies don't kill enough of the ants to destroy colonies, but they do cause enough panic to keep the ants in check, Brenner said.
The ants, which have an innate fear of the flies, stop foraging and flee when they spot them, giving native ants a chance to move back
into the territory.

Some scientists are skeptical that there are enough native ants in the South to compete with the fire ants.

The natives have either been poisoned by humans or driven away by fire ants.

``You've got to have a really good competing ant population for the phorid flies to have an effect,'' said Brad Vinson, an entomologist at
 Texas A&M University.

Scientists also are studying other biological enemies of the fire ant, including a microorganism and a parasitic ant.
The Agriculture Department started studying the flies in 1993 to see if they could harm anything other than fire ants. Nothing other
than the fire ants would attract them, including animal dung or human waste, so the government is confident they will be completely safe
for the environment, Brenner said.

The flies were released at four sites near Gainesville, Fla., three years ago and now have spread to 700 square miles. USDA scientists
are now studying the area to see how the flies have affected ant populations.
As part of the federal project, Florida's agriculture department will begin mass-rearing the flies next spring and will ship them to
field sites in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee and Texas.
The project will cost USDA about $100,000. Discussions also are under way about releasing the flies in California, where parts of the
 Los Angeles area are under a federal quarantine intended to keep the ants from spreading.
---=
On the Net: USDA's Agricultural Research Service:
<http://www.ars.usda.gov>
Texas A&M University fire-ant site: <http://fireant.tamu.edu>

Yes! Yes! America has polluted some rivers [ = Cesium dumped in to the Colorado river aquifer Cesium 132 Cesium 137 trying to kill remnant indigenous population?!]   

Yeah, I know about all of this and more... Voting in Africa is a cruel joke.  It is a front for the political slavery of the masses.
The electorate has no stake in the outcomes. It's window dressing for the for the west. (UN, media press and people who
 want and need to believe that democratic elections work in Africa.
 
Most Africans go into politics for wealth not to serve. Most "revolutionary struggles" are CIA and corporate fronts. No one on this planet
wants Africa healthy and prosperous. This includes India, China and the west---It would mean a dynamic upset in the political/economy
of the world.
 
Obama does lie through his teeth. Zimbabwe is in the state it is in because the whites want to keep the old real- estate relationships
they enjoyed in other parts of continent,  like South Africa. A country with untold wealth and they go begging for AIDS  medicine from
a country that robs them blind.
 
Owa
"There is nothing more dangerous than initiating a new order of things" ---- Machiavelli

Surviving the World An excellent site. Here is lesson five:

More here: Surviving the World <http://survivingtheworld.net>Posted by DaveH at 05:02 PM
<http://www.synthstuff.com/mt/archives/individual/2009/05/surviving_the_world.html>
Comments (0) <http://www.synthstuff.com/cgi-bin/mt/mt-comments.cgi?entry_id=9466>
  TrackBack <http://www.synthstuff.com/cgi-bin/mt/mt-tb.cgi?__mode=view&entry_id=9466>
http://www.synthstuff.com/mt/archives/2009_05.html

FYI 1
White LED Drive Circuit

 Lets go form cool costly hightech flashlights to totally global  portable off the grid
Solar planet wide instead of war.

Lighting_Africa_Students

World Bank and IFC Reward 16 Companies for Innovative Lighting Projects for Africa

Desertec – A visionary project for renewable energies - Sketch of possible infrastructure for a sustainable supply of power

Dick Cappels' project pages http://www.projects.cappels.org
return to HOME (More projects including LED projects)
White LED Drive Circuit

-  You may see this copie of this page on THIS or other sites, but you will only see updates and improvements at 
www.projects.cappels.org,
the only site authorized to publish this material. 1.5 VOLT WHITE AND UV LED DRIVE CIRCUIT
Dick Cappels' project pages http://www.projects.cappels.org

White LED Drive Circuit

Be Careful About Peak Current

A note of caution: These LEDs are comparatively expensive, so I suggest putting a small resistor (1 to 10 Ohms) in series with the cathode of the LED and measuring the peak current as inferred from the IR drop using either a scope or a peak detection probe (as described elsewhere in these pages) while testing this circuit to be sure you don't exceed the Manufacturer's recommendations. In lieu of specific guidance from the manufacturer, for greater reliability try to keep the peak current to half of the manufacturer's recommended maximum.

Overview

A minimum number of parts yields a compact switching converter that can provide sufficient voltage to drive white LEDs. The resulting lamp is much more efficient, in terms of lumen hours per pound of battery, than incandescent bulbs, and because the color of the light is determined by fluorescence of phosphors within the LED assembly, the color of the lamp does not change perceptibly as the battery runs down. As a result, very long battery life is achievable. This circuit is suitable for powering flashlights, emergency lighting, and other applications in which it is desirable to power white LEDs from one or two primary cell batteries using a low cost circuit.

The Circuit

The circuit could not be simpler than this. The transistor, 1K resistor and the tapped inductor form a blocking oscillator. When the power button is pressed, the transistor is biased on through the 1 k resistor. Voltage that appears from the tap on the inductor to the collector causes the voltage on the 1K resistor to be even higher than the battery voltage, thereby providing positive feedback. Also because there is voltage across the inductance between the tap and the collector of the transistor, collector current increases with time (this is in addition to a starting value that relates to the current supplied to the base, but this part of the collector current is rather small. Because of the positive feedback the transistor stays saturated until something happens to change its base current.

At some point the IR drop across the inductor from the tap to the collector approaches the battery voltage (actually battery voltage - VCEsat). As this happens voltage is no longer induced in the winding from the tap to the 1k resistor and the base voltage starts to drop, and this forces the base voltage to go negative, thereby accelerating the switching off of the transistor. Now, the transistor is off, but the inductor continues to source current and the collector voltage rises.

Quickly, the collector voltage gets high enough for the LED to conduct current, and it does for a little while, until the inductor runs out of current, then the collector voltage starts to ring toward ground base voltage swings positive again, turning the transistor on again for another cycle.

The Inductor

If you aren't designing this as part of a commercial product, you have a lot of latitude in the design of the inductor. The size of the core, its permeability, and its saturation characteristic (Physical dimensions, u and Bs) determine how many amper-turns it can sustain before it saturates. If the core saturates before the IR drop from tap to collector approaches the battery voltage, the circuit will switch quickly anyway because saturating the core makes the coil look like a resistor and coupling between the collector half and the base half (the side with the 1k resistor) drops to very little, so the effect is the same as the IR drop approaching battery voltage. The wire size determines how many amps the circuit will dray (well, ok, milliamps) before the IR drop gets large enough for the circuit to switch. The inductance constant of the core (physical dimensions and u mostly) determine how man microseconds it takes the collector current to rise to the point the circuit switches off, and it also determines how long current will be delivered to the LED when the transistor is off. Nearly every inductor parameter affects the performance of this circuit.

I have made this with ferrite beads a few millimeters in diameter and toroid cores up to a few centimeters across (take a look at the Rust Nail Inductor further down on this page). Here is the general relationship between core size and characteristics:

Large core: Easy to wind, lower frequency operation, higher power.

Small core: Harder to wind, higher frequency operation, lower power.

How to get started: Get a transformer core, preferably ferrite, and wind 20 turns on it. Tap by pulling a short loop of wire off to the side, then continue winding another 20 turns. Increase turns to lower frequency, decrease turns to increase frequency. I've used as little as 10 turns, center tapped (5+5) and operated this at 200 kHz. Experiment. Scroll down to the bottom of the page - the tiny ferrite core used in the #222 bulb base run at about 200 kHz.

A Circuit Enhancement

The neat thing about this circuit is that it has the bare minimum number of parts to do the job. The LED runs from pulsating DC and since its forward voltage is higher than the battery voltage, it does not interfere with the switching of the transistor. The drawback is that the peak-to-average current of the LED is pretty high, it could be 3:1 or 5:1, depending on the circuit (mostly on the inductor and battery voltage). If you want the LED to be brighter for a given peak current, you can add the diode and capacitor shown in the schematic below.

Something that one online critic has pointed out is that where space if is available, it is a good idea to add a bypass capacitor between the negative terminal of the battery and the center tap of the inductor. Some batteries have a high impedance, and the decoupling capacitor might serve to increase the output of the circuit. A value of 10 microfarads should be sufficient unless you are using a very high inductance inductor, in which case a larger one might be better. 

Where Can You Put the Power Supply?

 

Since this circuit has so few parts, I was able to make a couple of them so small that I could fit the entire circuit, including the inductor, 1 k resistor, 2N4401 (TO-92 package by the way), rectifier, chip capacitor, and Nichea NSPW315BS along with a little glue to hold it in, into the base of a number 222 incandescent penlight bulb.  

Using the LED replacement for the number 222 lamp, allows operation in a compact penlight. It gives enough light to walk outside on a moonless night. Based on about 35 ma currant drain at 1.5V, I estimated operating time, I estimated that this flashlight will operate for at least 30 hours of continuous use. That's a long time if your holding down the button. Data sheets for several of Duracell's alkaline cells can be found here.

Even though the battery voltage drops, the color of the light is always a crisp bluish-white. If its taken care of, this light "bulb" should last longer than me. I've had this one for 18 months as the latest update to this page and use this flashlight every night. I only had to change the battery twice. If the battery contacts didn't start to get intermittent from the corrosion, I wouldn't have know it was time to change the battery since the light was working fine. 

 

LED replacement for the 222 lamp is on the left. The entire power supply is contained within its base.



The hard part was taking apart the #222 lamp so I could reuse the base. 

Rusty Nail Night Light

These blocking oscillator type power supplies work best with ferrite cores, and sometimes they can be hard to locate. Some readers have expressed anxiety over making inductors, and that is understandable since to many, inductors have an aura of mystery about them.

Just to prove that these inductors aren't magic, or even that critical for that matter, I wound one on a rusty nail that I noticed laying beside the road one day while waiting for a tow truck. It is a 2-1/2 inch (6.5 cm) long flooring nail, which serves as the inductor's core.

The wire is a twisted pair of #24 solid copper wire that I pulled from a length of CAT-5 (ethernet) cable, which is similar to the wire used to connect telephones inside buildings. I wound 60 turns of the twisted pair in about three layers around the flooring nail, then I connected the start end of one conductor to the finish end of the other conductor and that made it into a 120 turn center tapped inductor.

I connected it to a 2N2222, a 1K resistor, a 1.5 volt penlight cell, and a white LED. Nothing happened. Then, I put a .0027 uf capacitor across the 1 K resistor (it happened to be on the work bench) and the LED came on. Sometimes you need .001 uf or so. The LED glows nicely and the circuit draws 20 milliamps from the AA cell. The waveform on the oscilloscope looks terrible, but the point is that the circuit oscillated with even this rusty nail, and it boosted the output of the 1.5 volt AA cell to over 3 volts peak to drive the LED.

Those who are familiar with some aspects of coil core selection would quickly point out that the eddy currents would be huge since iron has a low resistance compared to ferrite, or air for that matter, and that there would also likely be other types of large losses.  The point here is not that you should run out and buy some flooring nails to make LED lamps, but that this circuit was not "designed", but was thrown together and worked quite readily. If a rusty nail and some telephone wire is enough to light up a white LED, then the inductor is not so critical. So, relax, go buy a ferrite core and get started on your project.



(Above) Rust Nail Night Light. This LED power supply was thrown together in a few minutes using scrap parts.
Well, ok the LED itself was not really scrap.




Common Sources for Ferrite Cores

Wolfgang Driehaus from Germany wrote to point out that ferrite cores are used in compact fluorescent lamps, and he further stated that he has had success in making the cores work in this LED power supply circuit. It was only a day after receiving his email that I looked up at the ceiling and saw some lamps that needed replacement. Here is what I found.






Some compact florescent lamps from Sylvania had failed in my home. After buying new Philips lamps to replace them, I ventured into the garage to take one of the Sylvania lamps apart. The first problem was getting to the electronics in the base of the lamps. In later correspondence, Wolfgang showed me that the base of the lamp can be pried open and the circuit board removed without having to break any glass.  Be careful not to break the glass tubes in the lamp, as they contain mercury, which is toxic.




Inside the base of the lamp, as Wolfgang Driehaus, I found three inductors with ferrite cores, as well as a pair of high voltage transistors, a high voltage capacitor, and some other potentially useful components. The inductors were wound on three types of cores, which are a bobbin core (left, covered in heat shrink tubing), a toroid core (center) and an E-E core, (right).

I wanted to confirm the usefulness of the cores for myself, so I removed the existing windings from the bobbin and toroid cores. I cracked the E-E core in several places during the process of separating it from the coilform, so I did not have a chance to try it in the power supply circuit.

On the bobbin core, I wound 50 turns of #32 magnet wire, pulled out a center tap, and then wound another 50 turns. I connected this to a 2N4401, a 330 Ohm base resistor, and a white LED, according to the circuit at the top of this page. When I connected a power supply set to 1.5 volts, the LED lit up brightly. Ok, that is solid confirmation that the bobbin core from this particular Sylvania light works in this application.

On the toroid core, I wound 10 turns of #26 wire wrapping wire, pulled out a center tap, and wound another 10 turns. Connecting it in the same circuit (2N4401, 330 Ohms, white LED) with a 1.5 volt power supply, I saw that the LED lit up, but not as bright as with the bobbin core, but then again, I had only put 20 turns on the toroid.

So now we have a very common source of toroids. Compact florescent lamps are available in places, and as Wolfgang pointed out, they eventually wear out and need replacement.

Another reader pointed out that another source of ferrite cores is the shielding beads used on computer peripheral cables.  Those plastic-encased lumps on monitor, keyboard, and some USB cables are actually ferrite cores. If you are about to toss an old keyboard into the recycling bin, why not cut off that ferrite bead first?



Alternative Types of Cores

If you can't find a ferrite core, or even an old rusty nail, all is not lost. You can still make a pretty good white LED power supply by using a non-magnetic core. It sounds like an oxymoron, but a nonmagetic core has little effect on the magnetic flux from the windings, and therefore does not interact strongly with the circuit -it is there mainly to provide mechanical support. Two experimenters have provided reports of their experiences with nonmagnetic cores, each with its unique attributes.

The wood core inductor

Bill Levan in the United States came up with a wood core inductor. His circuit powers a white LED from a 1.2 volt 700 milliamper-hour cell. Mr. Levan reports that he used the rusty nail night light circuit, but found that he did not need the capacitor across the resistor.

The coin is a United States quarter dollar, 2.54 cm  (1 inch) in diameter, for size comparison.
Take a close look at the LED - it really is on.

If the wood is dry, the material itself will not have a significant effect on circuit operation. Wood that has a lot of water in it might lower the efficiency of the circuit a little bit, but most likely, you would not be able to tell.

Mr. Levan's wood core is 5.08 cm x 12.7 mm x3.18 mm  (2 inches x 1/2 inch x 1/8 inch). The wire is 30 gauge solid conductor insulated wire wrapping wire, Radio Shack #278-501.

Wind 100 turns, pull out the center tap, then wind 100 turns more. In total, there are 200 turns.

You can contact Mr. Levan with questions about his wood core inductor and the circuit at the email address below.
  (The email address is an image.)

Air Core Inductor

Antonis Chaniotis in Greece converted his children's incandescent night light to use two LEDs in parallel, and increased battery life from one night to about 30 hours of light over three nights.




The LEDs, while emitting green light, are electrically similar to the white LEDs in the other circuits because, similar to most white LEDs, the die emits ultraviolet light, which excites green phosphors. Of course in the white LEDs, the phosphors emit white light. The large capacitor in the picture is 100 uf 25 volts, connected from the emitter of the transistor to the tap on the inductor, and it acts as a bypass capacitor to insure that the circuit sees a low impedance from the battery and switch. It may increase efficiency, especially as the batteries runs down and the batteries' internal resistance increases.

The base resistor is 10k, and the batteries is made of two 1.2 volt rechargeable cells in series.

Mr. Chaniotis' analyzed the circuit with SPICE and confirmed his findings by experiment. Interestingly, his analysis showed that for his circuit the optimum location for the tap is not in the center.

The coil is a total of 35 turns 80 mm (3.2 inches) in diameter with no core.  Start by winding 14 turns, the start is the collector winding. Pull out the tap for the battery connection, and then wind an additional 21 turns for the base winding.

Once, I made a similar coil for a different kind of application. I used a plastic food storage container from the kitchen as a coil form, then after winding, carefully slipped the coil off the container and held the wires together with tape. From the photograph, Mr. Chaniotis wrapped some wire around the bundle to hold it together.

You can contact Mr. Chaniotis with questions about his air core inductor and the circuit at the email address below.
(The email address is an image.)



Solar Powered Garden Light


This simple flyback/blocking oscillator LED power supply was adapted to and built into solar powered garden light by a talented experimenter in the United States known as "mrpiggss". The method of switching the power supply off during daylight hours, thus allowing the rechargeable cell to recharge, was taken from a circuit design by Nick Baroni, of Willetton, Washington, and published on the siliconchip.com.au website.  Here is the design from mrpiggss' workbench.



The 1.5 volt cell used in this picture was replaced with a 1.25 volt nickel-cadmium cell.




Actual values used in mrpiggss' circuit.

Mr. Baroni's original circuit used a BC547, but mrpiggss found that a BC547C (the version he bought) would work as Q1 but not Q2 (see "A Note On Transistor Selection, below). In his version, mrpiggss used 2N4401 transistors for both Q1 and Q2, to keep the bill of material as simple as possible.  He also noted that if R1 was 15k, the sunlight gating function would be more sensitive, thus keeping the LED power supply off until it was darker than when R1 is 22k.

The core for L1 came from ebay with no part number or supplier but it is the size of a penny and about 3mm thick. The wire came in a 3 pack of magnet wire from Radio Shack and and are pure copper.  Being green in color and 30 gauge, the wire is easy to handle and wind. The cores have 40 turns, 20+20 (wind 20 turns, pull out the center tap, then wind 20 turns more). and removing the coating is easier than with really thin wire. The insulation on this wire can just be burnt off with a lighter, and it comes off just like magic. No scraping or sanding, although he use a small emery board to give it some tooth for soldering.
 
The solar panel is a standard one-battery panel. it has no info on it but puts out 1.5 volts in full sun. No idea about the current rating.

D1 can be nearly any silicon or germanium diode, provided it is rated to handle the solar panel's output current into a short circuit. For most of the panels used in garden lights, this means basically, any diode you can buy. A low power Schottky or germanium diode would have a lower forward voltage drop than a small signal silicon PN diode. The 1N4001 series, as used by mrpiggss is a good choice as well because its large junction area results in a relatively low forward voltage drop.




This is the "circuit side" of the printed circuit board.
The components are mounted on the opposite side. It should be noted that
the basing for the transistors corresponds to the 2N4401, and NOT the BC547.

mrpiggss' email address is "thetraindork (at) gmail.com" -please note that this email address needs to be retyped with "@" in place of (at). This is meant to stump spam robots, not people.

 A Note About Transistor Selection

The transistor used in this circuit can be any one of a wide variety of transistors. I recommend trying the 2N4401, 2N3904, and 2N2222, listed in no particular order. Dariusz Flaga in Poland, noted that the BC338 is popular in Europe and that its specifications, including voltage and current ranting, and saturation characateristics, suggest that it is a good fit for this application. Mr. Piggs in the U.S.A. (see the Solar Powered Garden Light, above), successfully used the BC547 on several prototypes.

You can even use PNP transistors, but if you do, remember to reverse the battery and LED connections. I have received email from a couple of project builders who used very high gain transistors and had trouble with their circuits. Transistors with high DC current gain (hfe) tend to switch slowly and may operate inefficiently or not at all.  Stay away from  the very high-gain audio transistors in particular.  The small capacitor across the base resistor, as shown in the Rusty Nail Night Light can speed up the transistor and make oscillation possible when you have low a inductance inductor, or if the transistors are a little slow. Speedup capacitors beyond  .0033 uf (33000 pf) are probably excessive and may actually slow down the circuit by causing the base to be over-driven.  If your circuit doesn't work, consider using a faster transistor.



Some tips on getting it running

Bob Parrott sent in the following helpful hints:

I had great fun playing around with your blocking oscillator circuit and thought your readers might like to try this variation if they have difficulty getting the thing to start oscillating.

Initially, I tried a BC107 transistor (because it was to hand) but it would only oscillate if I lowered the base resistor to 220 ohms and when I measured the current taken from the battery it was about 90mA - even before the LED was connected.

A BC108 oscillated easily as did a H945 removed from a dead switcher - also a good source of coils/ferrites.

But I was intrigued with getting the BC107 to run and added a small capacitor (22nF) across the base resistor to 'kick-start' the oscillations. It worked so well - with various transistors and coils that I was further intrigued to see how much I could increase the resistor value - hence the 20k trimpot. (The 22nF also got over the problem of the oscillator failing when I tried to add an ammeter in the battery circuit).

I found it would continue to oscillate right up to 20k ohms and this also had the effect of reducing the supply current (osc only) from 90mA to 800microamps - very important if using batteries.

Bob Parrott's email address is:  beep1952@hotmail.co.uk



Danger of Eye Damage From Visible Light Emitting Diodes





Contributors to This Page

What started out as a simple web page to share a simple circuit that allows white LEDs to be driven by a single 1.5 volt cell has grown bit-by-bit over the years to make it even more helpful to experimenters.  The contributions of the individuals listed below, in the order of the appearance of their contributions on this page, is noted with appreciation.

Wolfgang Driehaus             - Ferrite cores from compact florescent lamps.

mrpiggss                               - Garden Light.

Bob Parrott                          - Tips on Getting It Running.

Geoff Davies                         - LED Safety

Bill Levan                              - Wooden Core

Antonis Chaniotis                 - Air Core



And many others who provided suggestions and feedback to improve the page, but who were not directly quoted.


If you have questions or comments about this project, please send email to me at projects (at) cappels.org.

HOME (More projects including LED projects)

Please see the copyright and liability disclaimer on the HOME page.

Contents ©2002,2004,2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008 Richard Cappels All Rights Reserved. Some images copyright mrpiggss, 2005. Some Tips on Getting it Running and accompanying illustration are copyright Bob Parrott 2007. Photos by Bill Levan  and Antonis Chaniotis copyright 2008. Copying for commerical purposes is not permitted without permission of the authors.   Dick Cappels' project pages http://www.projects.cappels.org

Last updated November, 2008.

Here are some key phrases for search engines:
white led power supply
1.5 volt white LED circuit
white LED 1.5 volt circuit
wood core inductor
air core inductor

 I am not affiliated with any of these sellers or manufacturers presented, I just like
 what they   present so I copy to this page this under the assumption of
   fair use...
Looks cool !

http://www.designnews.com/blog/Made_by_Monkeys/19688-Flashlight_s_Three_LEDs_Are_Two_Too_Many.php?nid=2321&rid=2104687
http://www.candlepowerforums.com/vb/showthread.php?t=95336

6 .
solar refridgerator
 http://www.partsonsale.com/sundanzer.html
 
SPACE SOLAR CELLS
http://www.partsonsale.com/solarcells.html
Students, Teachers, Hobbyists

Build your own very high efficiency solar modules !

These are new high efficiency monocrystalline nitride passivated satellite grade solar cells that were purchased at auction from Tecstar Inc., a Southern California based manufacturer of solar cells for use in space based technology such as satellites and the international space station. 

These high quality cells are made from high efficiency monocrystalline silicon that have been treated with silicon nitride to boost efficiency. They are round in shape and are approximately 3.0 inches in diameter. They have a short circuit rating of approximately 1.54 amps with and open collector voltage of .58 volts @ 1000 w/m2, 25°C. 

What makes these cells unique are their extreme high efficiency. We tested one of these cells with a DC motor driving a propeller and was able to power the motor from the light of a two cell flashlight, which makes them perfect for low light applications !

We contacted a respected solar cell supplier and was told that these cells would normally sell to the space industry for $100.00 a piece ! They can wired in series to increase voltage, and in parallel to increase current. Unlike some dealers that are selling seconds and low tech import cells, these are U.S. made and are of extremely high quality.

Click here to read an article about Tecstar the company that these cells were purchased from 

These are new high efficiency monocrystalline nitride passivated satellite grade solar cells that were purchased at auction from Tecstar Inc.,
 a Southern California based manufacturer of solar cells for use in space based technology such as satellites and the international space station.
These high quality cells are made from high efficiency monocrystalline silicon that have been treated with silicon nitride to boost efficiency.
They are round in shape and are approximately 3.0 inches in diameter. They have a short circuit rating of approximately 1.54 amps with and
 open collector voltage of .58 volts @ 1000 w/m2, 25°C.
What makes these cells unique are their extreme high efficiency. We tested one of these cells with a DC motor driving a propeller and was
able to power the motor from the light of a two cell flashlight, which makes them perfect for low light applications !
We contacted a respected solar cell supplier and was told that these cells would normally sell to the space industry for $100.00 a piece !
They can wired in series to increase voltage, and in parallel to increase current. Unlike some dealers that are selling seconds and low tech
 import cells, these are U.S. made and are of extremely high quality.
Click here to read an article about Tecstar the company that these cells were purchased from
Limited Quantities
On Sale Now !
Only $14.95 Each
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/solarcell-98j.html

TecStar Ships Solar Panels For Small Explorer (SMEX) Program
 City of Industry - September 29, 1998 - TecStar Inc.'s Applied Solar Division shipped a record 101 flightworthy solar panels, including
the latest multi-junction solar cell technology, to NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.
This completes its requirement for NASA's SMEX-Lite program, which provides frequent flight opportunities for highly focused, small,
scientific space missions. SMEX-Lite is a new system architecture and development process intended to provide ultra-low-cost, small
spacecraft with performance that exceeds that accomplished with the initial five SMEX-Lite missions.
The Wide Infrared Explorer (WIRE) mission, scheduled to launch in early 1999, will be the first mission to use TecStar's solar panels,
 including one multi-junction panel. WIRE is designed to study the evolution of starburst galaxies and search for protogalaxies.



The Flights Projects Directorate of Goddard Space Flight Center manages the SMEX program in Greenbelt, MD.TecStar Inc. was founded
 in 1954 as the country's first supplier of space solar cells. Today, the privately held company employs approximately 900 people in three
divisions; Applied Solar Division (ASD), Electro Systems Division (ESD), and Demo Systems Division (DSD). Sales in 1997 were $121 million.
TecStar supports the space and aircraft industries, both as a leading producer of critical aircraft subsystems, data transfer systems, and
 ground support equipment, and by offering the most advanced technology in spacecraft solar panels and arrays. The company maintains
 an unblemished on-orbit performance on over 400 satellites from Vanguard, the first satellite powered by solar cells in the late 1950's,
through today's on-orbit constellations such as GPS, Iridium, Landsat, Orbcomm, and the Mars-Pathfinder program. In early 1998 TecStar
received its ISO 9001 certification.
TecStar SolarCell Reports From http://www.Spacer.Com
 
http://www.partsonsale.com/sundanzer.html


Dick Cappels' project pages http://www.projects.cappels.org
return to HOME (More projects including LED projects)
White LED Drive Circuit
How do you get 3.5 volts to drive a white LED when you only have a 1.5v battery?
(With special thanks to Dave Eselius for keeping this project alive until it was finished.)
New on this site since original publication of this page in 2002:
"  Simplest LED Flasher Circuit (in the world? You tell me.) (this page, Click here).
"  Rusty Nail Night Light demonstration added (this page, Click here).
"  Alternative_Types_of_Cores  (this page, Click here).
"  Toroid and Ferrite Bead Winding Notes (Click here).
"  New resistor-capacitor circuits to drive LEDs from 1.5 and 3 volts (Click here).
"  White LED Stroboscope (Click here).
"  Solar Powered Garden Light with PC layout (this page, Click here).
"  A Note About Transistor Selection (this page, Click here).
"  Common sources of ferrite beads (this page, Click here).
" A note of warning about LEDs and Eye safety (this page, Click here).
" Some tips on getting it running (this page, click here).
" Contributors to this page (this page, click here).

-  You may see copies of this page on other sites, but you will only see updates and improvements at 
www.projects.cappels.org,
the only site authorized to publish this material. 1.5 VOLT WHITE AND UV LED DRIVE CIRCUIT
Dick Cappels' project pages http://www.projects.cappels.org

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

http://www.peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Thin_Film_Solar#Companies
Directory:Thin Film Solar

From PESWiki
Table of contents   
1 Companies

2 In the News

3 Support Resources

4 See also
 

Companies

DrexelSolar (http://www.drexelsolar.com/) - Drexel standing seam metal roof (http://www.drexmet.com/) systems
combine a structural roofing product with the solar electric capabilities of thin film photovoltaics. The energy savings of
a cool metal roof using reflective pigments are combined with the energy generation of a PV laminate to reduce a
homeowner’s energy bill.

In the News SA thin film solar eclipses others - South African solar panels consist of a thin layer approximately
 five microns thick (a human hair is 20 microns thick) of a unique metal alloy that converts light into energy at
a fraction of the cost. The photo-responsive alloy can operate on virtually all flexible surfaces. Expected in market in 2007.
(PESWiki)
Cyrium Technologies (http://www.cyriumtechnologies.com/aboutus_companyprofile.html) - Developing
a photovoltaic solar cell technology using semiconductor quantum dot NanoTechnology to increase photovoltaic solar cell
 efficiency by 40% above the state-of-the-art products.

DayStar Technologies - Photovoltaic Foil™ is a unique combination of Copper Indium Gallium
diSelenide (CIGS) technology solar cells placed on flexible specialty metal foils. Unlike traditional solar cells which are brittle
and require rigid, heavy module packaging to protect the cells from the environment, DayStar's CIGS-based Photovoltaic Foil™
is very lightweight, flexible and robust. (PESWiki)


Nanosolar (http://www.nanosolar.com/index.html) has developed proprietary technology that
 makes it possible to simply roll-print solar cells that require only 1/100th as thick an absorber as a silicon-wafer cell
(yet deliver similar performance and durability). Efficient and durable thin-film CIGS (Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide)
and innovated production throughput deliver the world’s most cost-efficient solar electricity cell.

Active Building Envelope system provides heating and cooling -
The ABE system being developed by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute accomplishes the jobs
 of both cooling and heating, yet operates silently with no moving parts, using a thin-film technology
 that adheres both solar cells and heat pumps onto surfaces. (PESWiki)

InterPhases (http://www.interphases.com/index.html) has developed a technology that can
dramatically lower the cost of solar electricity generation. It combines an inherently efficient and stable
material - n-copper indium selenide ( nCIS ),with an inexpensive, high throughput
manufacturing method.

Ascent Solar aims for 5 cents/kW-hr electricity production from its thin-film modules (http://www.ascentsolar.com/)
 - Large photovoltaic modules in roll formats will be integrated with various construction materials to produce multiple
"plug-and-play" Building Integrated PV (BIPV) products for commercial and residential applications.

HelioVolt (http://www.heliovolt.com/) has developed the fastest and most effective way to manufacture CIS
(Copper Indium Selenide) (http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/cis.html), the most reliable and best-performing
 thin film material for generating
electricity from sunlight. HelioVolt's FASST™ technology can apply efficient CIS coatings in custom shapes,
sizes, and tints to create power generating glass, steel, metal and polymers, making possible a new generation
of solar power modules and photovoltaic construction materials.

First Solar (http://www.firstsolar.com/) - PV Modules designed for large scale, grid-connected solar power
 plants are sold to leading solar project developers for use in commercial PV projects. Cadmium telluride is
uniquely capable of producing low cost solar modules. Its physical properties are optimal for converting
sunlight into electricity, resulting in highly efficient
photovoltaics with thin (< 3 micron)
semiconductor layers. CdTe is a robust material with the demonstrated capacity for high volume, low cost
production.


Spheral Solar Power (http://www.spheralsolar.com/) - Spheral Solar™ cells bridge the gap between high
efficiency silicon solar panels and flexible thin film technology by combining them in one module. SSP’s silicon and aluminum
flexible solar cells are ideal for: Roofing products of all shapes and contours, Building facades, Shutters and walls, Portable products
 for RV’s/boats/automobiles, OEM vehicle integration systems .


Evergreen Solar (http://www.evergreensolar.com/) - String Ribbon combines the best attributes of
 conventional crystalline silicon
and emerging thin films. It achieves the reliability, stability, high efficiency, and market acceptance
of crystalline silicon - without the
 inherent cost and waste of sawing. And it embodies the efficient material utilization and potential for
 continuous processing of thin
 films, but with a more manufacturable process.

Spheral Solar Power (http://www.spheralsolar.com/) - Wrapping buildings and siding for solar energy
generation. Panels are flexible,
 lightweight, durable, combining the high efficiency of traditional silicon technology with the
flexibility of thin film technology in one module.

Konarka (http://www.konarka.com/) - Konarka’s lower cost coatable, plastic, flexible photovoltaic
material can be used in many applications
 like tents, awnings, roofs, windows and window coverings, cell phones and portable music players. It can utilize a wider range of the light
spectrum than conventional solar cells, visible and invisible light sources, not just sunlight, can be used to generate power indoors or outside.

Global Photonic Energy Corp (http://www.globalphotonic.com/) - GPEC has created Organic Photovoltaic (OPV™) cells with new capabilities
 by using materials made with carbon - one of the most ubiquitous molecules in nature and a fundamental building block of natural systems.
This organic, small-molecular photovoltaic technology represents a departure from the past with solar cells that can be: Ultra-low cost. Flexible
 and lightweight. Amenable to continuous, "roll-to-roll" manufacture. Applied to virtually any surface including curved and non-planar surfaces.
Semi-transparent. Color tuned.

VHF-Technologies (http://www.flexcell.com/) - Flexcell
 manufactures light, thin and flexible PV cells, using a proprietary
 thin film coating technology developed to deposit a single
amorphous silicon layer on low cost plastic substrates using
roll-to-roll manufacturing. Key characteristics: highly flexible,
 customised & integratable, thin & lightweight, unbreakable,
 environmentally friendly. The energy payback is 3-5 times
faster than products based on conventional PV technologies.
PowerFilm (http://www.powerfilmsolar.com/) - Manufactures monolithically-integrated solar panels on plastic using a
 roll-to-roll process. The flexible yet durable polymide substrate is light weight and paper thin. As low as 1% the amount of
silicon in traditional panels is used in the absorber layer. The panels can be integrated into products and building materials.
Innovalight (http://www.innovalight.com/) - By harnessing the powerful quantum properties of solvent-based nanosized
 silicon particles, Innovalight is developing an alternative to light-activated power generating products that rely on expensive,
 rigid, and often toxic materials. Key attributes: Tunable (absorption and emission wavelengths); Non toxic; Solution process
 capable; Stable and reliable; Low cost manufacturing.
Miasolé (http://www.miasole.com/) - Manufactures a thin-film photovoltaic cell consisting of an ultra-thin layer of copper
indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) on a stainless steel foil only 50 microns thick. It can easily be used in PV modules or
 incorporated into building materials like membrane roofing, and can weigh between 80 and 90 percent less than glass
plate modules. Its power output is greater than crystalline silicon's in both low light and low-angle light.

DrexelSolar (http://www.drexelsolar.com/) - Drexel standing seam metal roof (http://www.drexmet.com/) systems
combine a structural roofing product with the solar electric capabilities of thin film photovoltaics. The energy savings of
a cool metal roof using reflective pigments are combined with the energy generation of a PV laminate to reduce a
homeowner’s energy bill.
In the News

PrimeStar to commercialize NREL solar cells (http://www.insidegreentech.com/node/805) - PrimeStar Sola
 (http://www.primestarsolar.com/) announced an agreement to commercialize high efficiency photovoltaic (PV) technology
developed by the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (http://www.nrel.gov/pv/cdte/) (NREL). The agreement is to
 transition NREL's record 16.5% efficiency cadmium telluride (CdTe) technology to commercial module production. (Inside
Greentech; Feb. 28, 2007)

Cheap solar power poised to undercut oil and gas by half
(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2007/02/19/ccview19.xml) - Flisom (http://www.flisom.ch/e/)
expects their thin-film solar cells to be cost competitive ($.80/watt) with fossil-fuel generated power within five
 years, and 50% cheaper ($.50/watt) within ten years (commercially available
in late 2009). Current solar capital cost is about $3 to $4 per watt vs. $1 for carbon power. (Telegraph; Feb. 18, 2007)
(Thanks TreeHugger (http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/02/thinfilm-solar-clobbering-oil.php))

First Solar reaches orbit (http://www.insidegreentech.com/node/742) - First Solar (http://www.firstsolar.com/) reported
yearly revenue growth of 388% on sales of low cost Cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin film solar modules, designed for large
scale,
 grid-connected solar power plants. Manufacturing costs have been reduced to $1.25 per watt, and the company will
supply solar modules (http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story;jsessionid=C916E9F8ED86498FE4985DDDC0AB19D0?id=47541)
for a 40-megawatt solar power plant (http://investor.firstsolar.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=229884) in Germany.
 (Inside Greentech;
 Feb. 14, 2007)

The Future in a Tiny Solar Sphere (http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/006018.html) - Kyosemi’s
 (http://www.kyosemi.co.jp/index_e.html) innovative new Sphelar® (http://www.kyosemi.co.jp/product/pro_ene_sun_e.html)
 is a matrix of tiny, spherical-shaped solar cells that are designed to absorb sunlight at any angle,
and do not require motorization
 for tracking the sun. They optimize the use of reflected and indirect light, and convert energy with
 close to 20% efficiency. (WorldChanging; Feb. 5, 2007)

Easy Solar Power (http://www.motherearthnews.com/Alternative_Energy/2006-10-01/Easy_Solar_Power) -
 Installing solar power is easy, thanks to ECD Ovonics (http://www.ovonic.com/eb_so_thin_film_pv_technology.cfm)
 amorphous
silicon thin-film photovoltaic (PV) laminates that can be bonded directly onto metal roofing panels. You just
unroll the unbreakable
 peel-and-stick sheet, lay it faceup on a flat metal roofing panel and press it onto the panel while your
 assistant pulls the protective
 sheet off the sticky backing. (Mother Earth News; October/November 2006)

The Building Is the Solar Cell (http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,72323-0.html?tw=wn_technology_9)
 - A new solar panel is 100 times thinner and could be significantly cheaper
than silicon photovoltaics. Building materials such as steel, glass and roofing may soon have embedded
 solar cells thanks to a thin-film technology that uses copper indium gallium selenide, or CIGS. HelioVolt's
 (http://www.heliovolt.com/marketneeds.php) manufacturing process is 80 to 98 % faster
 than other thin-film manufacturing processes. (Wired News; December 21, 2006)
Printed solar cells nearlyready
 (http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/01/23heliovolt.html) - HelioVolt
(http://www.heliovolt.com/) of Austin, TX, will have its solar-generating technology
embedded into building products such as metal roofs, skylights, exterior glass and curtain walls,
 turning parts of a building into a power generator, more efficiently and at a lower cost than
traditional solar technology. (Statesman.com; Jan. 23, 2006)

More Efficient Solar Cells (http://www.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?id=17577&ch=energy)
- Researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have created a new type of semiconductor
material that can capture low-energy photons
for electricity, by introducing a few atoms of oxygen into a zinc-manganese-tellurium (ZnMnTe)
alloy. LBNL has licensed the technology to RoseStreet Labs (http://www.rosestreetlabs.com/),
which plans to commercialize solar cells
made from these multi-band semiconductors, which could have efficiencies of around
45 percent.
(Technology Review; October 04, 2006)

The Solar Wall (http://www.unirac.com/integ/bi_pg100.htm) - The Solar Wall at the Welsh
Development Agency technology center in St. Asaph, North Wales generates up to 85 kilowatts of
electricity from 2,400 Shell Solar (http://www.shell.com/home/Framework?siteId=shellsolar) CIS
thin film modules. Ventilation behind the panels minimizes operating temperatures and thus maximizing output.
SolarMount (http://www.unirac.com/solarmount/sm_newfeatures_sbf.html)
 rails were cold-rolled around a 3-meter radius, allowing them to follow the curving facade of the
building.
  
CSU Team Develops Cheaper Panel for Solar Energy (http://www.engr.colostate.edu/comm/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=con.main&ID=380&cat=1)
 - Colorado State University (http://www.engr.colostate.edu/me/facil/mel/index.html) research team is
on the brink of mass-producing solar panels that will compete price-wise, for the first time, with traditional energy sources. "We're right now at
 the point where we can make electricity for the same cost as that generated from gas or coal." AVA Technologies LLC and First Solar LLC, use
the process in which the chemical compound cadmium telluride (http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/cadmium_telluride.html) is deposited in a thin
 film on a glass surface. (Engineering News CSU; February 13, 2006)
High-Performance Multijunction Thin Films (http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/hp_multijunction.html) - Researchers test the voltage
output of their award-winning gallium indium phosphide/gallium arsenide tandem solar cell, which has achieved record efficiencies in converting
sunlight to electricity. By producing a concentrator cell with efficiency greater than 30%, NREL scientists passed an important milestone of the PV
 program. (U.S. DOE EERE Solar Energy Technologies Program)
Organic Photovoltaics Absorb From Near Infrared
Frequencies (http://www.futurepundit.com/archives/003211.html)
 - Global Photonic Energy Corporation (GPEC), developer of organic
photovoltaic (OPVtm) technology for ultra-low cost high power solar cells,
announced that the company's research partners at Princeton University and
the University of Southern California (USC) have achieved a new record in an
 organic solar cell that is responsive to light in the near infrared (NIR) range
of the solar spectrum. NIR radiation is invisible to the human eye. Under only
 NIR radiation, the Princeton solar cell would appear to be generating power
in the dark -- as the human eye is only sensitive to visible light. The amount
of incoming photons across the UV, visible and IR spectrums is about 4%,
51% and 45%, respectively. (FuturePundit; January 08, 2006)

Solar Startup to Commercialize Thin-Film PV
(http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=25776)
- RoseStreet said the solar cells will be the first commercialized that "
capture the broad spectrum of the sun's energy utilizing thin film
technology, a single material system and with potential efficiencies
 exceeding 55 percent." (Renewable Energy Access; April. 21, 2005)
Support Resources
ProtoFlex Corporation (http://www.protoflexcorp.com) - "Want to produce thin film solar cells? ProtoFlex offers complete
proto-to-production packages. We have the expertise, thin film tools, production ramp experience, characterization tools, and
cost-modelling experience to help you get your product to market."
See also
- Directory:Solar
- Directory:Concentrated Solar Power
- Directory:Thin Film Solar
- Directory:Silicon
- Directory:Black Silicon
- Directory:Solar Tower
- Directory:Solar Hydrogen

- Other Directory listings • Latest • A-I • J-R • S-Z • Tree • News
- PESWiki home page

Retrieved from "http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Thin_Film_Solar"
Categories: Solar Thin Film

The Wayback Machine is a 150 billion page web archive with a front end to serve it through the archive.org website.
http://www.archive.org/iathreads/post-view.php?id=243665

Disquett Antenna 
http://www.wardrive.net/general/antenna
DisquettAntenna??????
http://www.xaviervl.com/Antenne/Frisko/   
http://jj.dormard.free.fr/Frisko.htm
http://www.zero13wireless.net/foro/showthread.php?p=6244

802.11b Homebrew WiFi Antenna Shootout  
http://www.turnpoint.net/wireless/has.html

LED PV Solar notes

6

The Wayback Machine is a 150 billion page web archive with a front end to serve it through the archive.org website.
http://www.archive.org/iathreads/post-view.php?id=243665

911 ect
http://www.archive.org/index.php 
http://www.archive.org/details/911-Conspiracy-Rebuttal

7
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hW349jOtjn0&NR=1

 What You Don't Know ... 1+1=   
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tc-kjz9s2IA&feature=related

Disquett Antenna 
http://www.wardrive.net/general/antenna

http://mingus.charlesmingus3art.com/index2.php?artikel=843&submitcontent=true&submitcontent=true

http://charlesmingus3art.com/index2.php?artikel=3
http://mingus.charlesmingus3art.com/index2.php?artikel=195
http://mingus.charlesmingus3art.com/wishfulthinking-_756.html

http://www.wardrive.net/general/antenna
Geothermal  
http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=Geothermal&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wi

http://www.filterclean.co.uk/geothermal.htm

http://klockwerks.com/index.php?act=viewDoc&docId=12

http://klockwerks.com/index.php?act=viewDoc&docId=12

http://www.business.com/directory/computers_and_software/computer_services/liquidators/laptops/

not sense david beck
give page
http://klockwerks.com/index.php

http://www.techeblog.com/index.php/tech-gadget/steampunk-laptop

http://www.boingboing.net/2003/06/01-week/

If The Leader of California's Hells Angels Was President  
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BL0LCHxcTDg&feature=channel

Hot Israel     
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fa1LwuS4lhw&feature=related

the 10 seconds after you die  
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H16syQyVGXU&feature=related

What happens when you die?            
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44Dm5KErQuY&feature=related

A Theory About What Happens To You When You Die   
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0tISIMQ2Nc&feature=related

 Why I don't believe in god/ what happens after death  
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aONJD56P4Q&feature=related

THE THEORY OF "EVERYTHING"  
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hW349jOtjn0&feature=related

What You Don't Know ... 1+1=  
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tc-kjz9s2IA&feature=related
InkFear (1 hour ago) Show Hide 0   Marked as spam Reply Spam wtf? 1+1 is 2 ..
Like an apple and another apple is two apples.

This just dosent make any sense ..
timrocket2008 (18 hours ago) Show Hide 0   Marked as spam Reply Spam
Why are we watching some crazy homeless guy talk in circles? just give him 25 cents and move on.
Erudecorp (4 days ago) Show Hide 0   Marked as spam Reply Spam Isn't this just vector calculus?
Besides, mathematicians have done well enough with dimensions, which are merely quantities of quantities.
dimitri0208 (6 days ago) Show Hide 0   Marked as spam Reply Spam Don Albert=retard
you can use linear or polumnic mathematics and you will always get the same answer.
FACT
CoOoler1991 (1 week ago) Show Hide  -1   Marked as spam Reply Spam this guy is stupid..
he clearly dont understand anything about mathematics
bplturner (1 week ago) Show Hide 0   Marked as spam Reply Spam Direction matters in
non-associative non-commutative algebras. I don't know what he's trying to say, though.
Apparently he's never studied linear or Lie algebras.

He rambles on about linear operations, but he's never done group theory. It's not very linear.
 He's babbling some non-sense about topology and geometry, but he's about two hundred
years behind and two blunts too deep to know what he's talking about.

ranbonzy (1 week ago) Show Hide 0 

 Spam A good bedtime story teller...
Cosmodot256 (1 week ago) Show Hide  -1   Marked as spam Reply
Spam This guy is too stoned to explain mathematics.
flaminco666 (1 week ago) Show Hide 0   Marked as spam Reply
Spam The teacher was stupid cuz he wasted his time on u, he should
 of kick u out of school at that time.
Cuz its not about how u write it, it is the logic where it says if u have
 1 dick and u add another dick then we have 2 dicks. now take this 2 dicks
 and put it in ur ass if u dont believe its 2 then take one out and put it in
ur ass again then u feel 3 times 3 dicks going in ur ass but it is still 2 in ur
ass, do u understand now.
killer11124 (1 week ago) Show Hide 0   Marked as spam Reply Spam HAHAHhahahHAHha LMAO x]

Play list
Don't watch this if you don't believe in GOD!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSWiJ6rPRO0&feature=related

    FYI as previously stated I am not affiliated with any of these
    sellers or manufacturers presented, I just like what they
   present so I copy to this page this under the assumption of
   fair use...

http://www.partsonsale.com/sundanzer.html

Ultra Energy Efficient DC Refrigeration

No AC Inverter Needed !

STR/STF Series Battery-Powered Units

Remote home and cabin owners, are you aware that it takes ten 85 watt solar panels with their associated mounting brackets, wire, charge controller, combiner box, inverter, inverter cables, battery cables, fusing and a fairly large bank of deep cycle batteries to power a conventional 600 watt refrigerator !

Components needed to run a conventional 600 watt refrigerator	Components needed to run a this Ultra High Efficiency refrigerator
Ten 85 watt solar panels : $4,390.00	One 85 watt solar panel : $439.00
Racks for ten solar panels : $444.00	Rack for one solar panel : $74.25
Xantrex C-60 charge controller : $163.00	15 feet of sunlight resistant wiring : $15.00
150 feet of sunlight resistant wire : $150.00	One 10 amp fuse : $5.00
Xantrex TCB-10 combiner box :  $187.00	BZ240 charge controller : $59.00
Xantrex DR1512 inverter :  $802.00	2 Trojan T105 batteries : $324.00
Xantrex 300 amp inverter fuse : $61.50	1 Xantrex BC1.5 2/0 battery interconnect : $14.76
Xantrex CD60ST circuit breaker : $31.98
Xantrex BC5-4/0 inverter cables : $86.10
8 Trojan T105 batteries : $1,296.00
10 Xantrex BC1.5 4/0 battery interconnects : $147.60
10 ten amp combiner box fuses : $10.00
Grand Total : $7,769.18	Grand Total : $931.01

The above calculations lists what is needed to power a conventional refrigerator and a these Ultra High Efficiency high efficiency refrigerator. The price does not include the cost of a refrigerator.

Save on system costs with these Ultra High Efficiency battery-powered solar refrigerators and freezers. These highly efficient units with exceptionally low energy consumption require a smaller photovoltaic (PV) system for your refrigeration needs. these Ultra High Efficiency units feature 4.33" (110 mm) of polyurethane insulation and coated steel cabinets. The brushless motor compressor operates on 12 or 24 VDC. A patented low-frost system reduces frost build-up for low maintenance.

these Ultra High Efficiency chest-style refrigerators and freezers are easy to clean using the drain hole at the bottom of the unit. With thick insulation and a refrigeration system optimized for solar, these Ultra High Efficiency refrigerators and freezers provide outstanding economical and reliable operation. these Ultra High Efficiency cabinets are commercially produced by one of the world's leading appliance manufacturers.

STR/STF General Specifications

• Voltage requirement: 12 or 24 VST
• Refrigerant: R-134a
• Polyurethane insulation: 11 cm (4.33")
• Cable length: 2m (6 ft.)

Runs on a single 80 Watt solar module in most climate !!!

Download Battery Operated PDF Specification SheetDownload Battery Operated PDF Specification SheetDownload Battery Operated PDF Specification SheetDownload Battery Operated PDF Specification SheetDownload Battery Operated PDF Specification SheetDownload Battery Operated PDF Specification SheetDownload Battery Operated PDF Specification SheetDownload Battery Operated PDF Specification Sheet

Side Note : We recently ordered a STR225 refrigerator for our showroom. It arrived nicely crated with no dings or dents. Having only pictured this product in a brochure, we were was amazed at how nicely constructed and how large this unit was. After a simple unpacking, the unit was carried into our showroom.

After a two hour wait to make sure that the compressor oil had settled, we attached a 10 amp fuse and ring terminals to the power cables and then attached the unit to a 12 volt battery that was being charged by a 80 watt solar module.

The unit made a faint whirring sound which let us know that it was running. We walked away and began locking up for the day. Even though the instructions said that we should wait approximately 2 hours before loading it up with food, I decided to take a peek after only an hour. To my amazement the inside of this fridge felt like a freezer !

I hurried over to our service department and told our senior technician that he had to see this thing to believe it. He opened the fridge door and placed his hand against the side wall and could not believe it either.

We became concerned that these Ultra High Efficiency had shipped us a freezer instead of a fridge so we went back to our loading area to look for the packing slip and discovered that there was no mistake, the unit was what we ordered, a refrigerator not a freezer. We decided that we should adjust the thermostat, so that we didn't wind up freezing the sodas that we had placed in our new fridge.

If you happen to be in the area, be sure to stop by and share an ice cold one (soda that is !) with us from this amazing machine, you wont believe it either. All from a single 80 watt solar panel ! 

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View PDF PV Sizing Chart For Residential Applications

View PDF PV Sizing Chart For Commercial Applications

Remote Homes  Cabins  Medical Clinics  Missionaries  Villages

Remote Stores  Marine Applications  Farms  Traveling Vendors

Refrigerators

5.8 Cubic Ft. Fridge List Price $1,149.00 Our part number STR100

8 Cubic Ft. Fridge On Sale List Price $1,249.00 Our part number STR200

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Freezers

5.8 Cubic Ft. Freezer On Sale List Price $1,149.00 Our part number STF100

8 CU Ft. Freezer On Sale List Price $1,249.00 Our part number STF200

Please call for our super low sale price !

1-888-647-6527

Sales Policy

http://www.partsonsale.com/sundanzer.html

These are new high efficiency monocrystalline nitride passivated satellite grade solar cells that were purchased at auction from Tecstar Inc., a Southern California based manufacturer of solar cells for use in space based technology such as satellites and the international space station. 

These high quality cells are made from high efficiency monocrystalline silicon that have been treated with silicon nitride to boost efficiency. They are round in shape and are approximately 3.0 inches in diameter. They have a short circuit rating of approximately 1.54 amps with and open collector voltage of .58 volts @ 1000 w/m2, 25°C. 

What makes these cells unique are their extreme high efficiency. We tested one of these cells with a DC motor driving a propeller and was able to power the motor from the light of a two cell flashlight, which makes them perfect for low light applications !

We contacted a respected solar cell supplier and was told that these cells would normally sell to the space industry for $100.00 a piece ! They can wired in series to increase voltage, and in parallel to increase current. Unlike some dealers that are selling seconds and low tech import cells, these are U.S. made and are of extremely high quality.

Click here to read an article about Tecstar the company that these cells were purchased from 

Sales Policy