NONLETHAL WEAPONS
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Interdependence is Totalitarian Mankind at the Turning Point Part 1
Brent Jessop - Knowledge Driven Revolution.com February 11, 2008 "The World Has Cancer And The Cancer Is Man" - A. Gregg as quoted in Mankind at the Turning Point (1974)
In 1974 the book Mankind at the Turning Point: The Second Report to The Club of Rome [1] was published. This report states the need to create an "organic" or a truly interdependent society as the only way to save the world from the almost overwhelming world problematique. According to The Club of Rome, the world problematique is the set of interlocking world problems, such as, over population, food shortages, non-renewable resource depletion, environmental degradation, etc. With the use of absurd, exponentially based computer models, the complete unravelling of society and perhaps the biosphere was predicted. Not surprisingly the only solution capable of adverting global catastrophe is the development of an organic society. As I will show, a global organic society is only a euphemism for totalitarian world government. The Club of Rome is a premiere think tank composed of approximately 100 members including leading scientists, philosophers, political advisors and many other characters who lurk in the shadows of power. Organic Growth From Mankind at the Turning Point: "In Nature organic growth proceeds according to a "master plan," a "blueprint." According to this master plan diversification among cells is determined by the requirements of the various organs; the size and shape of the organs and, therefore, their growth processes are determined by their function, which in turn depends on the needs of the whole organism. Such a "master plan" is missing from the process of growth and development of the world system." - 7 "The concept of the "organic growth" of mankind, as we have proposed in this report, is intended as a contribution toward achieving that end. Were mankind to embark on a path of organic growth, the world would emerge as a system of interdependent and harmonious parts, each making its own unique contributions, be it in economics, resources, or culture. ...Such an approach must start from and preserve the world's regional diversity. Paths of development, region-specific rather than based on narrow national interests, must be designed to lead to a sustainable balance between the interdependent world-regions and to global harmony - that is, to mankind's growth as an "organic entity" from its present barely embryonic state." [emphasis mine] - VIII "Apparently, the emerging world system requires a "holistic" view to be taken of the future world development: everything seems to depend on everything else." - 21 Interdependence is the End of Independence Though rarely stated and frequently denied, the concept of interdependent nations implies the end of national independence or sovereignty. "And cooperation, finally, requires that the people of all nations face up to an admission that may not come easy. Cooperation by definition connotes interdependence. Increasing interdependence between nations and regions must then translate as a decrease in independence. Nations cannot be interdependent without each of them giving up some of, or at least acknowledging limits to, its own independence." - 111 "...the statement acknowledged, even if unintentionally, the dawn of an era of limits to independence - even for the strongest and biggest nations of the world." - 114 Interdependence is Totalitarian Bertrand Russell, a strong proponent of world government and all around elitist, wrote in his 1952 book The Impact of Science on Society [2] that the inevitable result of a society based on an organic philosophy can only result in totalitarianism. For more on this book please read this. From The Impact of Science on Society: "The most obvious and inescapable effect of scientific technique is that it makes society more organic, in the sense of increasing the interdependence of its various parts..." - 42 "Totalitarianism has a theory as well as a practice. As a practice, it means that a certain group, having by one means or another seized the apparatus of power, especially armaments and police, proceed to exploit their advantageous position to the utmost, by regulating everything in the way that gives them the maximum of control over others. But as a theory it is something different: it is the doctrine that the State, or the nation, or the community is capable of a good different from that of individual and not consisting of anything that individuals think or feel. This doctrine was especially advocated by Hegal, who glorified the State, and thought that a community should be as organic as possible. In an organic community, he thought, excellence would reside in the whole. An individual is an organism, and we do not think that his separate parts have separate goods: if he has a pain in his great toe it is he that suffers, not specially the great toe. So, in an organic society, good and evil will belong to the whole rather than the parts. This is the theoretical form of totalitarianism. ...In concrete fact, when it is pretended that the State has a good different from that of the citizens, what is really meant is that the good of the government or of the ruling class is more important than that of other people. Such a view can have no basis except in arbitrary power. More important than these metaphysical speculations is the question whether a scientific dictatorship, such as we have been considering, can be stable, or is more likely to be stable than a democracy... ... I do not believe that dictatorship Is a lasting form of scientific society - unless (but this proviso is important) it can become world-wide." [emphasis mine] - 64 A worldwide organic society is exactly what The Club of Rome is proposing. Selling Totalitarianism It is interesting to note the pleasant soothing words used to sell the concept of totalitarianism: "organic", "holistic", "differentiated", "harmonious", "interdependent", "balanced" and "sustainable". The very same "sustainable development" is all the rage these days. Sustainable development was codified into international law during the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development (popularly known as the Rio Earth Summit) in 1992. The Secretary General and main organizer of the conference was Maurice Strong. According to his own book, Where on Earth Are We Going? [3] he is a "Member of the Executive Committee of the Club of Rome". Creating A New Man and Total Material Interdependence How do you make the transition to an organic society? Part 2 of this series will examine the desires of The Club of Rome to change the value system of modern man. "An analysis of problems and crises as reported in subsequent chapters indicate that (1) a "horizontal" restructuring of the world system is needed, i.e., a change in relationships among nations and regions and (2) as far as the "vertical" structure of the world system is concerned, drastic changes in the norm stratum - that is, in the value system and the goals of man - are necessary in order to solve energy, food, and other crises, i.e., social changes and changes in individual attitudes are needed if the transition to organic growth is to take place." [emphasis mine] - 54 The final part of this series will discuss the need for total control of all resources by a world authority. "Now is the time to draw up a master plan for organic sustainable growth and world development based on global allocation of all finite resources and a new global economic system. Ten or twenty years form today it will probably be too late..." [emphasis mine] - 69
Creating A One World Consciousness Mankind at the Turning Point Part 2
Brent Jessop - Knowledge Driven Revolution.com February 18, 2008 "The modern crises are, in fact, man-made, and differ from many of their predecessors in that they can be dealt with." [emphasis in original] - Mankind at the Turning Point, 1974 (p15) Mankind at the Turning Point: The Second Report to the Club of Rome [1] (1974) states their desire to create a unified organic (or interdependent) world system. This system is by definition totalitarian, as was discussed in part one of this series. Now that we know were we are headed, the next question is what will the transition look like? The Club of Rome is a premiere think tank composed of approximately 100 members including leading scientists, philosophers, political advisors and many other characters who lurk in the shadows of power. Machines of Doom and the End of Humanity The focus of Mankind at the Turning Point is a computer model that supposedly replicates the major features of the world problematique. According to The Club of Rome, the world problematique is the set of interlocking world problems, such as, over population, food shortages, non-renewable resource depletion, environmental degradation, etc. Not surprisingly, their self serving model, based on exponential inputs, predicts the complete unravelling of society and perhaps the biosphere. Naturally, failure to implement The Club of Rome's solution of a totalitarian world government will result in the potential end of humanity. From Mankind at the Turning Point: "Therefore we have concentrated out efforts in this report on a number of vital worldwide issues whose mastery we consider essential for man's survival and for an eventual transition into sustainable material and spiritual development of humanity." [emphasis mine] - XII "Whether or not to embark on the path of organic growth is a question of mankind's very survival..." [emphasis mine] - 70 The Transition - Creating A New Mankind The transition to this totalitarian world government will be made by changing the value systems of the entire planet, creating a one world consciousness. "Today it seems that the basic values, which are ingrained in human societies of all ideologies and religious persuasions, are ultimately responsible for many of our troubles. But if future crises are to be avoided, how then should these values be readjusted?" [emphasis mine] - 11 "An analysis of problems and crises as reported in subsequent chapters indicate that (1) a "horizontal" restructuring of the world system is needed, i.e., a change in relationships among nations and regions and (2) as far as the "vertical" structure of the world system is concerned, drastic changes in the norm stratum - that is, in the value system and the goals of man - are necessary in order to solve energy, food, and other crises, i.e., social changes and changes in individual attitudes are needed if the transition to organic growth is to take place." [emphasis mine] - 54 "The changes in social and individual attitudes which we are recommending require a new kind of education..." - 148 "Development of a practical international framework in which the cooperation essential for the emergence of a new mankind on an organic growth path will become a matter of necessity rather than being left to good will and preference..." [emphasis mine] - 145 "The transition from the present undifferentiated and unbalanced world growth to organic growth will lead to the creation of a new mankind [emphasis mine]. Such a transition would represent a dawn, not a doom, a beginning not the end. Will mankind have the wisdom and will power to evolve a sound strategy to achieve that transition? In view of historical precedents, one might, legitimately, have serious doubts - unless the transition evolves out of necessity. And this is where the current and future crises - in energy, food, materials, and the rest - can become error-detectors, catalysts for change, and as such blessings in disguise. The solutions of these crises will determine on which of the two paths mankind has chosen to travel." [emphasis in original] - 9 The Transition - One World Consciousness "Regarding individual values and attitudes the following lessons seem to be outstanding for the new global ethic implicit in the preceding requirements: 1) A world consciousness must be developed through which every individual realizes his role as a member of the world community... It must become part of the consciousness of every individual that "the basic unit of human cooperation and hence survival is moving from the national to the global level." 2) A new ethic in the use of material resources must be developed which will result in a style of life compatible with the oncoming age of scarcity... One should be proud of saving and conserving rather than of spending and discarding. 3) An attitude toward nature must be developed based on harmony rather than conquest. Only in this way can man apply in practice what is already accepted in theory - that is, that man is an integral part of nature. 4) If the human species is to survive, man must develop a sense of identification with future generations and be ready to trade benefits to the next generations for the benefits to himself. If each generation aims at maximum good for itself, Homo Sapiens is as good as doomed." [emphasis mine] - 147 "In order to achieve balance between regions in global development a more coherent regional outlook must be developed in various parts of the world so that the "preferable solutions" will be arrived at out of necessity rather than out of good will... we are talking about a regional sense of common destiny that will find its expression through appropriate societal, economic concepts and objectives... Such a regional outlook will create a "critical mass" necessary for the practical implementation of new and innovative ways of functioning in cultural, economic, and agricultural areas, especially on the rural level." [emphasis mine] - 154 The Transition - Global Warming and the New Mankind This methodology of doom prediction based on complex, "expert" generated, unverifiable computer models was later taken in full stride by the global warming propagandists. Both had the exact same intent, scare people into believing that the world was on the verge of complete collapse and that the only solution is world government. In reality, the global warming myth is an extension of The Club of Rome's activities From Mankind at the Turning Point: "Governments and international organizations are currently too preoccupied with military alliances and bloc politics. But this problem is becoming of secondary importance... Therefore, barring suicide, mankind will face the most awesome test in its history: the necessity of a change in the man-nature relationship and the emergence of a new perception of mankind as a living global system." [emphasis mine] - 146 "Precisely because the symptoms of these global crises might become fully visible only toward the end of the century, the time to act is now; when the symptoms become clear the remedy will no longer be possible, as has been shown repeatedly in this report. Future history will not focus on personality and social classes, as has been characteristic of history in the past, but on the use of resources and survival of the human species. The time to affect that history is now." [emphasis mine] - 146 The quote above cannot be emphasized enough. The fear that has been used to unify our national societies is being moved from the Hitler/Saddam Hussein type personalities and the Communist/Capitalist class struggles to global unity based on resource depletion and the survival of the human species. Furthermore, in 1991, in a book entitled The First Global Revolution: A Report by the Council of The Club of Rome [2] and coauthored by one of the founders of The Club of Rome, Alexander King, they admitted choosing global warming and other threats to unify humanity under a world government. "In searching for a new enemy to unite us [all of humanity], we came up with the idea that pollution, the threat of global warming, water shortages, famine and the like would fit the bill. In their totality and in their interactions, these phenomena constitute a common threat which as the enemy, we fall into the trap about which we have already warned, namely mistaking symptoms for causes. All these dangers are caused by human intervention and it is only through changed attitudes and behaviour that they can be overcome. The real enemy then is humanity itself." [emphasis mine]
A Planned World Economy Mankind at the Turning Point Part 3
Brent Jessop - Knowledge Driven Revolution.com February 25, 2008 "The human race is getting to be too much for itself and too much for the world." - William Saroyan as quoted in Mankind at the Turning Point (1974)
The Club of Rome is a premiere think tank composed of approximately 100 members including leading scientists, philosophers, political advisors and many other characters who lurk in the shadows of power. This series of articles described the major conclusions of the 1974 book Mankind at the Turning Point: The Second Report to The Club of Rome [1]. Part 1 described their desire for the development of a totalitarian world system presented under the euphemism of an "organic society". Part 2 described the need to create a new value system to ensure the acceptance of the upcoming world government. This new value system will be based on a "world consciousness." Mankind at the Turning Point used an absurd, exponentially based computer model of the world system in an attempt to hide their predetermined conclusions behind the vale of science. One of the main scenarios developed by the model was an analysis of the price of oil. This was an obvious choice due to the importance of oil to the world economy and the Middle East oil crisis which began the previous year (1973). The conclusion of this analysis was that an optimal price exists for oil. A price too high, would encourage development of alternatives and result in long-term losses to the exporting nations. A price too low, would encourage over use and resource depletion which would result in long-term losses of the importing nations who would not have sufficient time to develop alternatives. Therefore, there existed an "optimal" price for oil and that the only way to obtain this price was through cooperation. Naturally, an optimal price would exist for all commodities and the only way to obtain these prices was a planned world economy. After all, a planned economy was working so well in the Soviet Union, why not extend it to the rest of the world? From Mankind at the Turning Point: "The conclusion applies not just to oil, but to all of the finite resources - food, fertilizer, copper and so forth. The "most beneficial" price range and the proper rate of increase differ for each commodity, but the optimal level exists for all and should be determined and then on a global basis maintained by all participants in the world system - if recurrence of the world economic crises due to resource-constraints is to be prevented." [emphasis mine] - 100 "Indeed, nothing short of a complete integration of all strata, from individual values to ecology and mineral resources - and on a global scale - will suffice for the solution of the world food crises..." [emphasis mine] - 87 Redistribution of Industry Not satisfied with the control of resource prices the report also stresses the need for a planned redistribution of industry throughout the world, especially to South Asia. "Scenario five - the only way to avert unprecedented disaster in South Asia - requires the emergence of a new global economic order. Industrial diversification will have to be worldwide and carefully planned with special regard for regional specificity. The most effective use of labour and capital, and the availability of resources, will have to be assessed on a global, long-term basis. Such a system cannot be left to the mercy of narrow national interests, but must rely on long-range world economic arrangements... But the strain on the global food production capacity would be lessened if the eating habits in the affluent part of the world would change, becoming less wasteful." [emphasis mine] - 127 Global Resource Allocation System A planned economy would entail a powerful central government with the authority to allocate resources to areas it decrees most deserving. "Now is the time to draw up a master plan for organic sustainable growth and world development based on global allocation of all finite resources and a new global economic system. Ten or twenty years form today it will probably be too late..." [emphasis mine] - 69 "The solution of these crises can be developed only in a global context with full and explicit recognition of the emerging world system and on a long-term basis. This would necessitate, among other changes, a new world economic order and a global resources allocation system." [emphasis mine] - 143 The horrors of this proposed system should be obvious to anyone, but for those without any imagination I will provide a quote from The Impact of Science on Society [2] by Bertrand Russell who was also a proponent of world government. The quote below highlights one of the benefits - in Russell's view - of such a world allocation system. "To deal with this problem [increasing population and decreasing food supplies] it will be necessary to find ways of preventing an increase in world population. If this is to be done otherwise than by wars, pestilence, and famines, it will demand a powerful international authority. This authority should deal out the world's food to the various nations in proportion to their population at the time of the establishment of the authority. If any nation subsequently increased its population it should not on that account receive any more food. The motive for not increasing population would therefore be very compelling. What method of preventing an increase might be preferred should be left to each state to decide." - 124
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Reinhard Gehlen's anti Asian anti Soviet racist agenda had little difference from our native hatred of the other the non white Russians the "non Christian" etc. so it was easy to sync
up to the natural antipathy toward any foreigners and except his sanitized whitewashed version of perpetual war in the name of a white god.... Below moer Nazi claptrap and
doubal speak
http://yowusa.com/video/survivng/1.shtml
John Lear: UFO Secrets Revealed Pt.1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKRYnswV8ow&feature=related
http://yowusa.com/video/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nF5UiN3GQ1Y&eurl=http://yowusa.com/video/
Did Moses Use Alien Technology to Part the Red Sea? - Part 1 = Did Moses Use Alien Technology to Part the Red Sea? - Part 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nF5UiN3GQ1Y&eurl=http://yowusa.com/video/ Surviving 2012 and Planet X - Part 3 of 5: Historical Proof http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5TOmRD_V48&eurl=http://yowusa.com/video/survivng/1.shtmlNIBIRU 2012 A.D. The End ? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZlcPWa6SomE&feature=related
The Hebrew account in the Torah (Old Testament) tells us the Ten Plagues of Exodus were God's punishment upon Pharaoh for being a hard-hearted. However, the newly revealed historical accounts of the Egyptians offer a natural explanation. They tell us the plagues were the result of a global cataclysm that lasted for months. What is of vital importance to those of us living today is the what actually caused the Ten Plagues of Exodus.
The Egyptians tells us it was a massive object called the Destroyer. As it passed through the core of our solar system, the Earth was pelted with a deadly hail of meteorites and shuddered from numerous catastrophic volcanic and seismic events. The Egyptians tell us it also caused Noah's Flood, and their prophecies tell us it will return in our time with equally destructive results.
Originally found in the Great Book of Egypt, these secular accounts were recorded by academicians following the Exodus. Centuries after the death of Jesus, copies of these accounts were studied at the Glastonbury Abbey in Britain, and later incorporated into The Kolbrin Bible by Celtic priests. For more information, visit kolbrin.com (text) or podcast.kolbrin.com (audio).
“2012 planetx nibiru survival” video results 1 - 20 of about 29
http://www.youtube.com/results?search=related&search_query=%202012%20planetx%20nibiru%20survival&v=8S0bj76389U
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http://www.rstolley.com/allah3.htm
September 13, 2006
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zbigniew burzynski is a proto nazie http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&newwindow=1&safe=off&sa=X&oi=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&q=zbigniew+burzynski
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Rumsfeld Was On ABB Board During North Korea Nuke Deal
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Rumsfeld Was On ABB Board During North Korea Nuke Deal Donald Rumsfeld, the US secretary of defense,
was on the board of technology giant Asea Brown Bovery (ABB) when it won a deal to supply North
Korea with two ...
www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=3487 -
The two faces of Rumsfeld World news The GuardianTwo years after leaving ABB, Mr Rumsfeld now
considers North Korea a ... One unnamed ABB board director told Fortune magazine that Mr Rumsfeld
was involved ...
www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/may/09/nuclear.northkorea -
Prison Planet.com: Do You Have the Knowledge to Escape?Rumsfeld was on ABB board during deal with
North Korea Donald Rumsfeld, the US secretary of ... Clinton Deal Gave N. Korea 100-Nuke-Per-Year
Capacity ...
www.prisonplanet.com/archives_arming_nkorea.html -
Think Progress » Blog Archive » FLASHBACK: Rumsfeld Sat On Board ...Oct 10, 2006 ... Rumsfeld was
for giving North Korea nukes before he was against .... 1990-2001 — Rumsfeld is the only American
on ABB’s board of directors. ...
http://www.thinkprogress.org/2006/10/10/rumsfeld-abb/ -
Rumsfeld Company Sold Nuclear Weapon Equipment to North KoreaLooking past the nuclear debate on
North Korea. ... Rumsfeld sat on the ABB board from 1990 to 2001, earning $190000 a year. ...
www.utne.com/2003-05-01/RumsfeldCompanySoldNuclearWeaponEquipmenttoNorthKorea.aspx -
Trading With the Enemy How Donald Rumsfeld Helped
Kim Jong IL. Get His Nukes -- For a Fee ...
connection to ABB ("Rumsfeld was on ABB Board During Nuclear Deal with North Korea," ...
www.dissidentvoice.org/Articles2/Reed_Rumsfeld-NKoreaNukes.htm
Vee Jay says 48; North KoreaUntil North Korea's nuke hobgoblin
can morph into a cold hard fact of life. ...
Rumsfeld was on ABB board during deal with North Korea, Swiss info, ...
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Digg - Rumsfeld sat on the board the company that sold nuke ...Rummy's North Korea Connection What
did Donald Rumsfeld know about ABB's deal ..... Can we describe what actions Rummy did on the board
during/for/against ...
http://www.digg.com/politics/Rumsfeld_sat_on_the_board_the_company_that_sold_nuke_materials_to_N_Korea -
Chris Floyd: Swing Blades: Rumsfeld Filled His Pockets with ...Why, negotiating that $200 million
deal with North Korea to provide ... says Rumsfeld "can't recall" discussing the Korean deal at ABB
board meetings. ...
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Rumsfeld In On Reactor Sale to No. Korea : NO QUARTER NORTH KOREA —
RUMSFELD SAT ON BOARD OF COMPANY THAT SOLD REACTORS TO NORTH KOREA: ...
told that Rumsfeld was asked “to lobby in Washington” on ABB’s behalf. ...
http://www.noquarterusa.net/blog/2006/10/10/rumsfeld-in-on-reactor-sale-to-no-korea/ -
Rumsfeld Was On ABB Board During North Korea Nuke Deal ...
Asea Brown Bovery (ABB) when it won a deal to supply North Korea
with two nuclear power plants. ...
http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=3487
Prison Planet.com: Do You Have the Knowledge to Escape?
Donald Rumsfeld, the US secretary of defense, was on the board of technology
giant ABB when it won a deal to supply North Korea with two nuclear power ...
www.prisonplanet.com/archives_arming_nkorea.html -
The two faces of Rumsfeld World news The Guardian
Two years after leaving ABB, Mr Rumsfeld now considers North Korea a ...
offering supplies of oil and new light water nuclear reactors in return for access ...
www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/may/09/nuclear.northkorea -
Think Progress » Blog Archive » FLASHBACK: Rumsfeld Sat On Board ...
Rumsfeld was for giving North Korea nukes before he was against giving them ...
as well as the Six-party talks involved the supply of LWRs to North Korea. ...
http://www.thinkprogress.org/2006/10/10/rumsfeld-abb
Defiant N. Korea brags it has nukes Feb 11, 2005 ...
Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld repeated that he could not confirm ...
China has supplied North Korea with food and other supplies but is ...
www.globalsecurity.org/news/2005/050211-korea-nukes.htm -
N. Korea Declares Itself a Nuclear Power (washingtonpost.com)
Feb 11, 2005 ... Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld said North Korea’s ... to 80 percent of
North Korea’s energy and has on occasion cut off oil supplies ...
www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/ articles/A12836-2005Feb10.html - Similar pages
"Rolling Blunder" by Fred Kaplan
How the Bush administration let North Korea get nukes. ..... Dick Cheney and
Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld--decided not only to isolate North Korea, ...
www.washingtonmonthly.com/ features/2004/0405.kaplan.html -
Rolling blunder: how the Bush administration let North Korea get ...
It halted oil supplies to North Korea and urged other countries to cut off .....
Asia to talk with U.S. allies about how to deal with North Korea's nukes. ...
http://www.goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-541589/Rolling-blunder-how-the-Bush.html -
Rolling blunder: how the Bush administration let North Korea get ...
Rolling blunder: how the Bush administration let North Korea get nukes from ...
It halted oil supplies to North Korea and urged other countries to cut off ...
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_5_36/ai_n6129898/pg_5 -
Korean Plant Puzzles Nuke Experts, Is North Making Weapons, Or ...
US satellites have seen activity at North Korea's Yongbyon nuclear plant. ...
in the Pacific asked Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld for about 2000 troops, ...
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/10/world/main532546.shtml -
« View all web results for Rumsfeld supplies korea with nukes
Rumsfeld supplies korea with nukes
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They gave Korea the nukes!
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Rumsfeld supplies korea with nukes
http://images.google.com/images?q=+Rumsfeld+supplies+korea++with+nukes&svnum=10&um=1&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wi
http://www.google.com/search?q=+Rumsfeld+supplies+korea++with+nukes&svnum=10&um=1&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=iw
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[3/19/2008 10:17:15 PM]
[3/19/2008 10:17:15 PM]
http://www.fctec.com/fctec_pressDetails.asp?ID=44
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Air Force Advanced Power Technology Office (APTO) Leads Multi-Service Aviation Milestone Event
02/02/2007
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Robins AFB, Georgia– The Air Force Advanced Power Technology Office (APTO), headquartered at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia recently announced the first military airlift of a fuel cell powered military vehicle. The effort to convert the vehicle was a true multi-service collaboration including the U.S. Army Engineering Research and Development Center/Construction Engineering Research Laboratory’s Fuel Cell Test and Evaluation Center (FCTec), the U.S. Marine Corps, MAG-49 Det Bravo C-130 Airlift Unit and the U.S. Air Force APTO.
The MB-4 Aircraft Towing Tractor, a four wheel drive, four wheel steer, 14,000 pound drawbar pull vehicle was converted from a diesel powered mechanical drive vehicle to a fuel cell powered electric drive vehicle. The integration effort, accomplished by Concurrent Technologies Corporation, Johnstown, Pennsylvania, incorporates a Hydrogenics, Incorporated 65kW Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell system, Dynetek Industries’ carbon fiber wrap hydrogen storage system and Enova’s Panther 120 Drive System. The combination of these subsystems enables the vehicles towing capacity to remain unchanged, while the addition of a power inverter enhanced the vehicles capability by permitting power generated by the fuel cell to be delivered to aircraft and/or ancillary support equipment.
The vehicle was transported to Hickam AFB, Hawaii by Marine C-130 airlift on the 20th of October, 2006. The vehicle will be put through a demonstration/validation program while in daily use at Hickam AFB.
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Military’s Active Denial System is First True Ray Gun
John Dodge, Editor-in-Chief -- Design News, March 6, 2008
http://www.designnews.com/article/CA6538932.html?nid=2321&rid=464641439 |
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<< Return to Main Page Print
From the pages of Design News
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Military’s Active Denial System
is First True Ray Gun
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John Dodge, Editor-in-Chief --
3/6/2008 9:24:00 AM
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| © 2008, Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. |
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| http://www.designnews.com/article/CA6538932.html?nid=2321&rid=464641439 |
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<< Return to Main Page Print
From the pages of Design News
This breakthrough looks like an airport radar except the one rolled out to the media
recently is mounted on a hybrid Humvee. The operator sitting in the Humvee lines up
the target and fires a 95 GHz blast from a 100 kW ultra-high-frequency radio transmitter.
The sensation at the target up to 500m away is akin to taking a heat blast from
an opened “oven door,” according to Marine Corps. Col. Kirk Hymes. “This does
not incapacitate them. This pushes them back and out of the way,” he says. As
such, the unit promises to be another tool for crowd control or for protection of
Navy ships.
“Navy ships have curious onlookers who try to push the envelope. Let’s steer closer
to those big Navy ships. But we have a tremendous responsibility to protect the men
and women on that ship. When there is mixture of terrorists and tourists and they
are not readily moving back, this system can be used to gently push those individuals
back.
It does not have a lasting effect,” he says, adding that the weapon’s development
really accelerated after the bombing of the U.S.S. Cole in 2000
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Indeed, the 1 mm radio wave penetrates the top 1/64th of an
inch of skin and just down to the nerve endings.
When hit, the target moves away from the beam and the sensation ceases. [If they can]
Each blast is four sec and in testing with 600 volunteers and 10,000 exposures, the Air Force, which has developed the technology over the past 15 years, claims there is only one tenth of a 1 percent chance of minor injury such as a blister or rash.
The device comes at a time when the military is serving in a multitude of non-traditional
roles such as peace-keeping and humanitarian efforts.
“We have instances where helicopters had a hard time landing to deliver foodstuffs.
Hunger is a pretty motivating factor and if I was senior member of my tribe or
[KKK] clan and I’ve watched my family die from hunger, I’ll do what it takes to
get those foodstuffs. How do you non-lethally get them to stand in an orderly fashion
so the food can be delivered safely and proportionally and protect those who aren’t
in a rush?
If you can target individuals to stay back, leave the area or form and orderly
line, it only takes a couple of individuals to be targeted and it says there’s something
going on here,” says Col. Hymes.
At the heart of the transmitter is a water-cooled gyrotron developed
by CPI Inc. based in Palo Alto, CA. The gyrotron creates the radio frequency beam. The aiming device is comprised of “relatively simple” optics, which look down the center of beam.
In addition to the Humvee-mounted unit, the Air Force has also built one containerized
version, which is armored and enclosed to survive rugged environments. Each system
costs about $10 million, says Hymes.
Raytheon is the systems integrator.
The testing of the ADS itself has been proven and now focuses on how it can
be maintained and operated in challenging environments such as Iraq’s dust and heat.
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Unless this electromagnetic radiati...... more >> |
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Posted by: Mike Tait 3/19/2008 1:34:45 PM PT |
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OK, 10 million each? How about ...... more >> |
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Posted by: P. McLeod 3/19/2008 11:44:39 AM PT |
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95 GHz and 1mm wavelength allows us...... more >> |
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Posted by: Chuck Britton 3/17/2008 4:30:59 PM PT |
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Testing a heat ray in the summer. ...... more >> |
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Posted by: Kenn Blade 3/17/2008 12:18:17 PM PT |
Design News will explore this new weapon in depth in an upcoming issue.
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Fisher Wallace > Overview and History of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation
Overview and History of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation
How It All Began
The Modern Era
C.E.S. and the Human Brain—Basic Facts
C.E.S.—Helping Depression, Insomnia, and Anxiety
Drugs and Supplements—Not the Answers
How Does C.E.S. Actually Work?
How It All Began
Although Dr. Saul Liss and others discovered how to make modern electrotherapy significantly more effective, it’s important to realize that his work continues a very ancient tradition. Historical reviews of electrotherapy make it clear that using electricity to restore health was already a practice in ancient Greece and Egypt. The electricity had to come from natural sources, of course, and ancient records describe use of an electric catfish, electric eels, an electric ray fish called a black torpedo, and static electricity from rubbing amber—fossilized tree sap that was used both for health care and for jewelry—between the fingers. Electricity itself wasn’t actually defined, described and named until Dr. William Gilbert, an English doctor in the court of Queen Elizabeth, published his research and writings on this mystifying phenomenon in 1600. He derived the word “electricity” from the ancient Greek word for amber.
We can fast forward through the many failed and partially successful attempts to invent electrotherapy machines—which began in the 1700s—and pick up at the point when the evolution in technology finally enabled this goal to become a reality. (And remember not to confuse any of this with electroconvulsive therapy, a powerful and dramatic in-hospital psychiatric treatment that has nothing whatsoever to do with cranial electrotherapy stimulation.)
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The Modern Era
The first TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) device received a U.S. patent in 1974, rapidly gaining popularity among rehabilitation specialists for treating both chronic and acute pain in a great variety of conditions. Current is usually set at just above the threshold of awareness, somewhere between 10–30 milliamps. A parallel development was the use of micro-current, which—at 1 milliamp or less—is considerably below our awareness. The first rudimentary efforts at cranial stimulation, aimed at treating insomnia, had appeared in France early in the 20th century. The technological progress that grew out of World War II enabled research to begin in earnest. The first steps were taken in the Soviet Union in the 1950s, when the Russians developed low-voltage cranial electrotherapy that they called electrosleep. The International Symposia for Electrotherapeutic Sleep and Electroanesthesia held in Graz, Austria in 1966 and then 1969 gained low-voltage cranial electrotherapy its first significant recognition in Europe and the United States.
When New Jersey bioengineer and electrical engineer Dr. Saul Liss—whose expertise and fascination was the impact of electrical stimulation on the human system—encountered these early cranial electrotherapy stimulators, this emerging micro-current therapy dovetailed perfectly with his interests and strengths. He applied them to developing a micro-current cranial stimulator that resonates as closely as possible with the human brain’s electrophysiology. He produced his prototype Liss Cranial Stimulator in 1975 and began testing it to document the neurochemical changes it produces in brain tissue, and the observable clinical changes that occur in adults and children with various types of neurologically-based dysfunction. A milestone arrived in 1992 when the Liss Cranial Stimulator was patented.
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C.E.S. and the Human Brain—Basic Facts
Summarizing what Dr. Liss and other scientists and physicians have observed will make a great deal more sense once you understand that the human body—like all living matter—is actually an electrical system.
When you hear about a “nervous impulse” or a “muscle impulse” in the body causing a movement or experience, those common-sense terms are really referring to electrical impulses. The primary difference between the electricity that activates our house lights and air conditioners, and the electricity that activates a group of brain or muscle cells, is what initiates this current. The external electricity we’re all familiar with is created by the organized flow of electrons. Our internal electrical current—which is extremely low voltage—is generated when appropriate stimulation allows ions to move across the membranes of individual cells. This movement of ions is the electrical discharge. And these impulses enable cells to convey signals to cells nearby, and to muscles and glands and organs elsewhere in your body.
We’re so used to hearing terms like electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) that we tend not to realize what those terms are really telling us. Your electrocardiogram gives your doctor a recording of your heart’s electrical activity. The patient who has an electroencephalogram done is having the electrical activity of his or her brain recorded, transmitted to highly sensitive recording equipment by electrodes attached to the scalp.
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C.E.S.—Helping Depression, Insomnia, and Anxiety
To get a meaningful sense of what C.E.S. accomplishes, and its unique value compared to more conventional attempts at restoring psychiatric equilibrium, you have just a little more reading to do. It’s impossible to appreciate the accurate value of C.E.S. without a sketch of the neurochemical imbalance underlying these conditions, and then what drugs and supplements try to do—and why they so frequently fail.
When Our Mood Stabilizers Work, and When They Don’t
The complexities of our functioning and responsiveness rely on a multi-factored system for activating and regulating the great many things that our cells do. So in addition to electrical signals, important aspects of your brain’s activity are regulated by neurotransmitters, compounds that foster specific kinds of communication between nerve cells. Serotonin—one of the main neurotransmitters—maintains positive mood, good sleep, appropriate anxiety levels, and softens or diminishes your experience of pain. The neurotransmitters dopamine, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), and the endorphins also play roles in these phenomena.
Under normal circumstances, the brain pumps out what we need. But various factors—like poor diet, chronic stress, environmental toxins, diseases involving chronic inflammation (add diabetes, atherosclerosis, heart disease, and cancer to those more well known), the effect of certain drugs—can alter that. Beyond that, some people may normally either not produce enough, or may require higher than normal levels for an adequate effect. Whatever the cause, without enough of these neurotransmitters—especially serotonin—we become vulnerable to depression or insomnia or anxiety, or some combination of these impairing disturbances.
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Drugs and Supplements—Not the Answers
Drugs and supplements intended to “correct” these imbalances produce far from adequate results. The most recent family of drugs—called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs for short)—try to make up for inadequate serotonin levels by interfering with the brain’s normal processing of serotonin, which keeps it around for a longer time. But the complexity of the human organism means that biochemical pathways typically serve multiple purposes. So disturbing a biochemical pathway to alter one effect all too often disturbs unintended functions as well—which is why drugs tend to produce unwanted side effects. Although SSRIs are helpful to some patients, the more common response combines partial relief with undesirable side effects (like weight gain and plummeting sex drive).
Some patients actually experience powerful side effects that may be even more troubling than their original condition. The most frightening potential side effect—and this goes for all antidepressants, not just SSRIs—is what the FDA warns as the “increased risks of suicidal thinking and behavior, known as suicidality, in young adults ages 18 to 24 during initial treatment (generally the first one to two months).” This warning, just updated May 2, 2007, lists 36 antidepressants from A to Z, including drugs that are so frequently prescribed they’ve become household names (http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/antidepressants/default.htm). The FDA-ordered language for package inserts is significantly broader, actually referring to “children and adolescents,” describes research documenting these risks, and provides strongly worded alerts for tell-tale signs that can appear without warning (http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/antidepressants/PI_template.pdf).
Turning to the gentler solutions recommended in complementary and alternative health care approaches, you’ll find oral supplements meant to increase these needed neurotransmitters. In addition to GABA supplements, there are tryptophan and 5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan), the elements your body normally provides for your brain cells to transform into serotonin. And there’s theanine, a green tea extract that, among other things, can increase the release of serotonin and dopamine in your brain. It’s also been observed to lower levels of cortisol, the chronic stress hormone. But here’s the catch—simply adding tryptophan, for example, assumes that your brain cells are sufficiently activated to behave normally, not only manufacturing more serotonin as soon as they sense this extra raw material in their environment but also using it effectively. These supplements are very helpful for some people, but the overwhelming number of patients find them unsatisfactory.
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C.E.S. Gently Jump-Starts What Nature Intended
The subtle, imperceptible micro-current that cranial electrotherapy stimulation transmits to the brain is able—by a mechanism still being explored—to participate in the brain’s electrical circuitry and stimulate your cells to do what they are designed to do. These cells begin producing serotonin, dopamine, endorphins (and possibly other neurotransmitters as well), which has been confirmed many times over in laboratory studies. In a comprehensive study, Dr. Liss and other scientists have measured the significant increases in serotonin and dopamine, for example, both in the fluid that flows between the brain and spinal cord, and in the blood after a 20-minute C.E.S. session. And they have documented corresponding clinical benefits.
As one example, Dr. Liss and Dr. C. Norman Shealy evaluated the effects of a two-week daily C.E.S. program in a group of patients with long-standing depression that had been completely unresponsive to medications. Before treatment began, their serotonin levels were half those of the normal volunteers used for comparison. After the two weeks, their averaged serotonin levels had almost doubled and now were identical to the normal volunteers. And 50% of these patients had also experienced rapid improvement in their depression. A longer treatment period may well have produced even heftier results.
A significant pooled analysis (called a meta-analysis) of randomized, controlled clinical trials of C.E.S. was conducted by faculty at Harvard’s School of Public Health. These investigators had some probing comments in their published article:
“An important quality of C.E.S. is its potential as a substitute for drug therapy for a number of conditions, such as anxiety, where drugs may have undesirable side effects of addictive potential.”
“Recent experimental work suggests that the collective behavior of cellular networks may recruit and aggregate the very low electrical voltages characteristic of individual cells. (This)...may yield voltage levels comparable to—and therefore responsive to—the low voltage levels used in typical cranial electrostimulation devices. The resulting altered collective electrical properties in the brain’s cellular network may, in turn, influence neurotransmitter activity.”
And most important—their pooled analysis, which covered anxiety, insomnia, headache, and brain dysfunction, “found C.E.S. to be significantly more effective than sham treatment.”
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How Does C.E.S. Actually Work?
There are theories as to which parts of the brain are directly acted upon, and how, but—just like the mystery that aspirin had presented for a great many years—although we can’t yet explain how C.E.S. works to increase production of these essential neurotransmitters, we can see very clearly that it does work. And the many studies and observational reports—not only with depression, anxiety, and insomnia, but with headache, attention deficit, dyslexia, cerebral dysfunction, and dental anesthesia—document its ability to target symptoms, and do so with no disturbing side effects. The Fisher-Wallace Cranial Stimulator—integrating the three wave lengths most closely duplicating your brain’s own low-voltage electrical impulse—is a unique contribution to this exciting field.
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Fisher Wallace > Supporting Studies
Supporting Studies
General Studies
- Physiological and Therapeutic Effects of High Frequency Electrical Impulses (8 pages)
Source: Integr Physiol Behav Sci
A single CES session significantly increased levels of serotonin and beta-endorphin, GABA and DHEA and lowered levels of cortisol and tryptophan. The authors reviewed the body of literature that has found CES treatment to be associated with significant improvements in pain, insomnia, spasticity, depression, and headache. Read more
- Evolution of Electrotherapy: From TENS to Cyberpharmacology (22 pages)
Source: Bioelectromagnetic Medicine (Eds: P.J. Rosch & M.S. Markov). Marcel Dekker: New York, 2004
This chapter reviews the use of electricity in medicine, with an initial focus on the treatment of pain and development of the TENS device. It was found that pain relief could be enhanced with cranioelectrical stimulation, which also turned out to relieve symptoms of depression via effects on the neurotransmitter serotonin. Then the effects on other neurotransmitters are reviewed following crano-electrical and electroacupuncture. Read more
- Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma Neurochemicals: Response to Cranial Electro Stimulation (4 pages)
Source: J Neurol Orthop Med Surg
Important neurochemicals that are altered in patients with depression (serotonin, beta-endorphins, norepinephrine, melatonin, and cholinesterase) were assessed in normal volunteers before and after a single 20-minute CES session. Levels were tested in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in blood. All of these neurochemicals changed substantially, which a later statistical analysis showed to be highly significant. Cholinesterase diminished, and the others all increased. Read more
- Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of Cranial Electrostimulation (7 pages)
Source: J Neurol Orthop Med Surg
This meta-analysis from the Harvard School of Public Health pooled data from 14 of the most carefully conducted clinical trials comparing C.E.S. to a convincing sham treatment for treating anxiety, insomnia, headache, or brain dysfunction due to alcohol abuse. Anxiety—the easiest to evaluate because it had the largest number of studies and data that were the easiest to evaluate statistically—was significantly more responsive to C.E.S. Headache also improved. In the few studies on brain dysfunction and on insomnia, the overall effect was small but positive. “An important quality of C.E.S. is its potential as a substitute for drug therapy for a number of conditions...where drugs may have undesirable side effects of addictive potential.” Read more
- Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation: safe neuromedical treatment for anxiety, depression, or insomnia (2 pages)
Source: S Med J
After describing the estimated 44,000 to 98,000 deaths annually in the U.S. caused by medical errors, the contribution of medication errors to this problem, and the FDA-mandated warnings on the dangers of the drugs typically prescribed for anxiety, depression, and insomnia,the author focuses on the drug-free advantages and positive research studies of the CES for treating these conditions. He notes that this treatment modality has been neglected by mainstream medicine for treating these conditions. Read more
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Focus
- Use of Neurotransmitter Modulaton to Facilitate Sensory Integration (8 pages)
Source: Neurology Report
Patients with neurologic dysfunction (including cerebral palsy and spastic quadriplegia) received Physical Therapy with CES or Occupational Therapy with or without CES. CES use was twice daily. Evaluation at 6 and 12 weeks for skills involved in daily living (eg, feeding, design copying, page turning) were remarkably improved in the Occupational Therapy + CES group. Patients who began with moderate impairment were within normal limits by 12 weeks. Read more
- A Study of the Effects of Cranial Electrical Stimulation on Attention and Concentration (11 pages)
Source: Integr Physiolog Behav Sci
This study, designed to assess the potential of a single 20-minute CES session for enhancing attention and concentration in normal subjects, found significant improvement in one-third of those treated. Read more
Depression and Anxiety
- Reducing Symptoms of Depression Following Stimulation with Serotonin Regulators (4 pages)
Three studies are summarized. One—published in the American Journal of Pain Management—found that 92% of depressed patients tested exhibited abnormalities in their levels of neurochemicals involved in mood stabilization. The second—in the Journal of Neurologic and Orthopedic Medicine and Surgery—also found abnormalities in chronically depressed patients, ie, lower serotonin and higher cholinesterase levels. Daily CES sessions for 2 weeks raised serotonin levels in this group as well as in normal volunteers and chronic pain patients. The third study—presented at the Sixth International Montreux Congress on Stress—described the successful use of a 2-week CES treatment period as part of a multi-modality stress reduction program for chronic pain patients. Read more
- The Neurochemistry of Depression (4 pages)
Source: Amer J Pain Man
Almost all of 104 depressed patients had abnormal levels of one or more of the neurochemicals measured: serotonin, melatonin, beta-endorphins, norepinephrine, and cholinesterase. Citing other studies in depressed patients that had documented widespread deficiencies in magnesium and essential amino acids, the authors concluded that depression is a complex chemical imbalance. Understanding this opens the way for more specific interventions. Read more
- Depression: A Diagnostic, Neurochemical Profile & Therapy with Cranial Electrical Stimulation (3 pages)
Source: J Neurol Orthop Med Surg
Four groups were given 2 weeks of daily 20-minute CES sessions, and levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, beta-endorphins, and cholinesterase were measured before and after the full treatment period. Groups included normal volunteers, chronic pain patients, and patients with long-standing depression unresponsive to drugs. Before treatment, depressed patients had lower levels of serotonin and high levels of cholinesterase which had reversed after two weeks of CES treatment. Clinical lifting of depression occurred in 60% of these patients. 44% of the chronic pain patients improved. Read more
- Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation: The Treatment of Choice for Pain and Depression (5 pages)
Source: J Alt Complement Med
The author reviews the development of micro-current devices, focusing on the Liss unit, which significantly increases beta-endorphin and serotonin when used transcranially. He notes that “our experience with the Liss in well over 25,000 patients reveals that it addresses depression successfully in 50% of patients, far better and more safely than does any antidepressant.” Including it in a multi-modality program has produced an 85% success rate. Read more
Pain
- The Use of Modulated Energy Carried on a High Frequency Wave for the Relief of Intractable Pain (3 pages)
Source: Amer J Pain Man
10 patients with chronic neck/shoulder or back pain that was unresponsive to analgesics and conventional TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) used the Liss Bipolar Body Stimulator for 20-minute sessions 3–5 times daily for 1 month. They stopped analgesics for a brief period before and after treatment began. 8 of the 10 patients experienced substantial benefit throughout the study, with a highly significant overall pain reduction of almost two-thirds. Read more
Cerebral Palsy
- Transcranial Stimulation for the Inhibition of Primitive Reflexes in Children with Cerebral Palsy (8 pages)
Source: Neurology Report
20 children (from 2.5 months to 15 years) with spastic cerebral palsy from brain damage due to inadequate oxygen during birth were given 6 weeks of CES and 6 weeks of sham CES in addition to their regular therapeutic program. Half the children began with CES, then switched to sham treatment; the other half reversed this order. 10-minute treatment sessions were twice a day. Except for 1 outlier patient, they all made significant progress during their active treatment period, and extremely minimal progress during the sham phase. Read more
- Improved Mechanical Efficiency in Cerebral Palsy Patients Treated with a CES (20 pages)
Source: Unpublished document
30 patients with spastic cerebral palsy were treated with CES in a double-blind placebo-controlled study to evaluate antispasticity effects. A vigorous graded exercise work task was carried out on a computerized bicycle ergometer before and after a CES treatment session. The actively treated group improved 19.1% in mechanical efficiency and 43% in workload output. The placebo group’s performance declined from pre-test measurement. Reduced spasticity is the most likely explanation for the treated group’s significant success. Read more
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NONLETHAL WEAPONS:
TERMS AND REFERENCES
|
Robert J. Bunker, Editor
INSS Occasional Paper 15
USAF Institute for National Security Studies
USAF Academy, Colorado
The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily
reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Air Force, the
Department of Defense, or the US Government. This paper is approved for
public release by OASD/PA and SAF/PAS (with the following disclaimer).
Distribution is unlimited.
“Many of the weapon concepts described in this paper
are merely proposals. Except where specifically identified
in official Department of Defense documents, none of the
concepts in this paper should be interpreted to be funded
R&D programs or operational weapon systems possessed
by the Department of Defense.”
* * * * * * *
Comments pertaining to this paper are invited and should be forwarded to:
Director, USAF Institute for National Security Studies
HQ USAFA/DFES
2354 Fairchild Drive, Suite 5L27
USAF Academy, CO 80840
phone: 719-333-2717
fax: 719-333-2716
email: hayspl.dfe@usafa.af.mil
Visit the Institute for National Security Studies home page at
http://www.usafa.af.mil/inss
The editor would like to thank the following individuals for their contributions
to this work: Dr Glenn W. Goodman, Jr., Dr Mark T. Clark, Amy Wittman,
and Scott Boris; as well as the institutional contributions of Armed Forces
Journal International and Defense News toward this paper.
* * * * * * *
FOREWORD
We believe you will find this reference book to be a useful addition to
the current literature on nonlethal weapons. Its target audience is individuals
who deal with military operations other than war, special operations, or
weapons procurement and sales. It also compliments other handbook
literature of this type, such as Weapons of Mass Destruction Terms Handbook
(Alexandria, VA: Defense Special Weapons Agency, May 1997), and Nuclear
Terms Handbook 1996 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy, 1996).
The need for such a handbook on nonlethal weapons and associated technology
has grown along with the perception that U.S. forces will have an increasing
need for such systems in the post-Cold War global security environment. It is
hoped that this comprehensive handbook will help to contribute a sense of the
technological limitations of nonlethal weapons as well as clarity and consistency
into discussions on the future of U.S. national security policy.
About the Institute
INSS is primarily sponsored by the National Security Policy Division,
Nuclear and Counterproliferation Directorate, Headquarters US Air Force
(USAF/XONP) and the Dean of the Faculty, US Air Force Academy. Our other
current sponsors include: the Air Staff’s Directorate for Intelligence,
Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (USAF/XOI); OSD Net Assessment; the
Defense Special Weapons Agency; the Army Environmental Policy Institute;
Army Space Command; and the On-Site Inspection Agency. The mission of the
Institute is to promote national security research for the Department of Defense
within the military academic community, and to support the Air Force national
security education program. Its primary purpose is to promote research in fields
of interest to INSS’ sponsors: international security policy (especially arms
control and counterproliferation), Air Force planning issues, regional security
policy, conflict in the information age (including the revolution in military?vi
affairs and information warfare), environmental security, and space policy.
INSS coordinates and focuses outside thinking in various disciplines
and across services to develop new ideas for USAF policy making. The
Institute develops topics, selects researchers from within the military academic
community, and administers sponsored research. It also edits books and hosts
conferences and workshops that facilitate the dissemination of information to a
wide range of private and government organizations. INSS is in its fifth year of
providing valuable, cost-effective research to meet the needs of the Air Staff
and our other sponsors. We appreciate your continued interest in INSS and its
research products.
PETER L. HAYS, Lt Colonel, USAF
Director, Institute for National Security Studies?vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword v
Executive Summary viii
Term Listing 1
I. Nonlethal Weapons 1
Acoustics 1
Acoustics & Opticals 2
Antilethals 3
Antiplant Agents 6
Barriers 6
Batons 9
Biotechnicals 9
Electricals 11
Electromagnetics 12
Entanglers 13
Holograms 14
Markers 14
Obscurants 15
Opticals 16
Projectiles 18
Reactants 22
Riot Control Agents 23
II. Nonlethal Weapons Concepts 27
Ethical 27
Functional 28
Operational 29
Physiological 31
Theoretical 32
Reference Listing 34
I. Books 34
II. Chapters 35
III. Documents 36
IV. Addendum 79?viii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The purpose of this paper is to promote an understanding of and
research into a new category of weapons, designated "nonlethal" by the military
services. These weapons are also classified as "less-than-lethal" or "less-lethal"
by law enforcement agencies. National security experts consider these weapons
increasingly important in the post-Cold War era. This type of weapon has been
used throughout history, but was given new emphasis during the Vietnam War
era. Law enforcement agencies and Army national guard units relying upon
traditional forms of politico-military force were ineffective in countering US
domestic civil unrest. As similar types of conflict, now many magnitudes
greater, seem to dominate international politics since the end of the Cold War,
this type of weapon takes on increasing importance.
The Department of Defense defines these weapons as follows:
Weapons that are explicitly designed and primarily employed
so as to incapacitate personnel or materiel, while minimizing
fatalities, permanent injury to personnel, and undesired
damage to property and the environment. Unlike
conventional lethal weapons that destroy their targets
principally through blast, penetration and fragmentation, non-lethal
weapons employ means other than gross physical
destruction to prevent the target from functioning. Non-lethal
weapons are intended to have one, or both, of the following
characteristics: a. they have relatively reversible effects on
personnel or materiel, b. they affect objects differently within
their area of influence [229:1-2].
We have followed this Western definition of nonlethal weapons in this paper,
but have also included what would be considered non-Western forms of
weaponry.
The reason for the inclusion of these weapons, which specifically are designed
to result in permanent injury to personnel, is because of the great
likelihood that they will be used against US forces in future conflicts.
Our intent is to create an initial term and reference listing that will help?
ix
support joint-force and dual-use initiatives focused on identifying the potential
drawbacks of integrating nonlethal weapons into our military services and law
enforcement agencies.
Because of the limited objective of this paper, it consists solely of two sections:
a list of terms that describes nonlethal weapons along with the concepts both
surrounding and inhibiting their use and a comprehensive listing of references
to facilitate further research. The category of nonlethal weapons that offers the
capability for information warfare has not been included in this paper because
of its association with that distinct form of conflict.
The terms and descriptions provided within this paper should not be
considered authoritative, static, or comprehensive. Rather, they represent a
point of departure from which further research can be conducted and eventual
definitions created as these weapons begin the slow and tedious process of
being adapted for operational use.
This paper offers a candid assessment of ourcurrent understanding of
nonlethal weapons that undoubtedly contains inaccuracies, either
directly or by omission.
Bearing these caveats in mind, we have attempted to create a fairly
comprehensive overview of the terms and concepts relating to nonlethals and
the works available for reference on this topic. The contributors to this paper
represent some of our country's "best and brightest" in the field of nonlethal
weapons research, development, training and operational employment. Their
combined expertise spans the early years of the development of nonlethal
weapons from the Vietnam War era, including their employment in the Somali
operation and in recent domestic law enforcement disturbances, to newer
systems still in the process of being developed and field tested.
Nonlethal weapons cannot be thought of in a "business as usual" sense
or, for that matter, solely as a new type of force multiplier. It is the opinion
of the editor (and most of the contributors to this paper) that when nonlethal
weapons are ready for wide-scale application, this will signal a development as
? x
significant in magnitude as the emergence of gunpowder based firearms during
the European Renaissance. Just as the firearm gave the ability for distance-killing
that destroyed a Western ban existing since the time of the Iliad, the introduction
of nonlethals may allow for tailored employment of politico-military force and
challenge the accepted definition of warfare.
The US military will need to undertake significant organizational and doctrinal
restructuring in order to exploit the potential of these new weapons.
The most important near-term application of nonlethal technology appears to be
in areas such as: operations in "failed states," as a counter to the non-Western
form of warfare that is emerging globally, as a defense against the specter of
further terrorist assaults upon our homeland, and as a means of responding to
civil unrest in many of our inner cities.
Over the longer term, it is their fit with other nascent warfighting trends embodied
in the revolution in political and military affairs (RPMA) that is of paramount
significance.
For example,nonlethal weapons could present new and potentially highly effective
mechanisms for dealing with an advanced form of battlespace (i.e. cyberspace)
and the criminally-based non-state soldier (i.e. terrorist, mercenary or "new-warrior
class") as a challenger to the Western nation-state's domination of political violence.
In order to respond to these and other challenges, we must insure that
our armed services retain the capability to dominate the battlefields of the
21st century. Our ability to use nonlethal weapons effectively will be a critical
component of our future capabilities.
It is toward improving our knowledge in that endeavor that this paper has been
written.
Robert J. Bunker December 1996?xi
UNITED STATES AIR FORCE ACADEMY
Lieutenant General Tad J. Oelstrom
Superintendent Brigadier General Ruben A. Cubero
Dean of the Faculty
HEADQUARTERS, US AIR FORCE DIRECTORATEOF NUCLEAR AND
COUNTERPROLIFERATION
Major General Thomas H. Neary
Director Colonel Thomas D. Miller
Chief, Policy Division
USAF INSTITUTE FOR NATIONAL SECURITY
STUDIES
Lieutenant Colonel Peter L. Hays
Director
Lieutenant Colonel Jeffrey A. Larsen
Editor
Major Vincent J. Jodoin
Editor
Ms Marsha Taylor
Cover Design?xii
INSS OCCASIONAL PAPERS
1. Explaining Weapons Proliferation: Going Beyond the Security Dilemma.
Gregory J. Rattray, July 1994
2. The Ukrainian Military: Instrument for Defense or Domestic Challenge?
Oleg Strekal, November 1994
3. North Korea’s Nuclear Program: The Clinton Administration’s Response.
William E. Berry, Jr., March 1995
4. Environmental Assistance as National Security Policy: Helping the
Former Soviet Union Find Solutions to its Environmental Problems. Robert
L. Dunaway, November 1995
5. Economic Power in the Sino-U.S. Relationship. Kevin F. Donovan,
December 1995
6. Nuclear Proliferation: Diminishing Threat? William H. Kincade,
December 1995
7. Nuclear Proliferation: The Diplomatic Role of Non-Weaponized
Programs. Rosalind R. Reynolds, January 1996
8. Five Minutes Past Midnight: The Clear and Present Danger of Nuclear
Weapons Grade Fissile Materials. Guy B. Roberts, February 1996
9. The International Legal Implications of Information Warfare. Richard W.
Aldrich, April 1996
10. Weapons Proliferation and Organized Crime: The Russian Military and
Security Force Dimension. Graham H. Turbiville, Jr., June 1996
11. Melancholy Reunion: A Report from the Future on the Collapse of Civil-Military
Relations in the United States. Charles J. Dunlap, Jr., October 1996
12. Russia’s Crumbling Tactical Nuclear Weapons Complex: An Opportunity
for Arms Control. Stephen P. Lambert and David A. Miller, April 1997
13. Political-Military Affairs Officers and the Air Force: Continued
Turbulence in a Vital Career Specialty. James E. Kinzer and Marybeth?xiii
Peterson Ulrich, April 1997
14. Environmental Federalism and U.S. Military Installations: A Framework
for Compliance. James M. Smith, June 1997?1
Nonlethal Weapons:
Terms and References
TERM LISTING
As listed in the table of contents, the entries in this paper are
organized into seventeen categories for nonlethal weapons technology and
five areas for concepts associated with the use of nonlethal technology. The
citation protocol for entries list the reference material number and the page
number as follows: [Reference Number:Page Number]. If an entire document
is cited, no page numbers are given. For the purpose of accuracy, many terms
have been directly quoted from a single referenced source, while others
combined reference sources.
I. Nonlethal Weapons
A. Acoustics
Acoustic Beam. High power, very low frequency beam emitted from
weaponry under development. Envisioned to be a piston-driven or detonation-driven
pulser which forces compressed air into tubes to generate a low
frequency wave [543,546].
Acoustic, Blast Wave, Projector. Energy generation from a pulsed laser that
will project a hot, high pressure plasma in the air in front of a target. It creates
a blast wave with variable but controlled effects on hardware and troops [543].
Acoustic Bullets. High power, very low frequency waves emitted from one to
two meter antenna dishes. Results in blunt object trauma from waves
generated in front of the target. Effects range from discomfort to death. A
Russian device that can propel a 10-hertz sonic bullet the size of a baseball
hundreds of yards is thought to exist. Proposed fixed site defense
[16,113,212,543]. Also known as sonic bullets.
Acoustic, Curdler Unit. A device which is plugged into an HPS-1 sound
system to produce a shrill shrieking, blatting noise. It is used to irritate and?2
disperse rioters and had a decibel range just below that of the danger level to
the human ear. It is used in night operations to produce a "voodoo" effect and
effectively breaks up chanting, singing and clapping [2:279-
280,82:184,84,529].
Acoustic, Deference Tones. Devices which can project a voice or other sound
to a particular location. The resulting sound can only be heard at that location
[176:86].
Acoustic, Doppler Effect Alarm. Any movement in the area between a
transmitter and a receiver causes a slight variation in the sound pattern
received. By measuring this variation an alarm system can be made to be
activated [23:204].
Acoustic, High Intensity Sound. Loud music was used by American forces to
drive Manual Norriega from the Vatican Embassy in Panama in 1990. Also
known as polysound [354:45].
Acoustic, HPS-1 Sound System. A 350 watt sound system with an audible
voice range of 2 1/2 miles. Used by the military in Indo-China and then
supplied to law enforcement. First used by police forces at San Francisco State
College and at Berkeley in the 1960s [2:277-279,82,84]. See also Acoustic,
Curdler Unit.
Acoustic, Infrasound. Very low-frequency sound which can travel long
distances and easily penetrate most buildings and vehicles. Transmission of
long wavelength sound creates biophysical effects; nausea, loss of bowels,
disorientation, vomiting, potential internal organ damage or death may occur.
Superior to ultrasound because it is "in band" meaning that its does not lose its
properties when it changes mediums such as from air to tissue. By 1972 an
infrasound generator had been built in France which generated waves at 7
hertz. When activated it made the people in range sick for hours [23,302,546].
Acoustic, Squawk Box. Crowd dispersal weapon field tested by the British
Army in Ireland in 1973. This directional device emits two ultrasonic
frequencies which when mixed in the human ear become intolerable. It
produces giddiness, nausea or fainting. The beam is so small that is can be
directed at specific individuals in a riot situation [451,452,504].
Acoustic, Teleshot. Cartridge projecting a powerful sonic device delivered by
a 12-gauge shotgun. Experimental use in 1972 [529].
Acoustic, Ultrasound. A very high frequency sound whose wavelength is "out
of band" making it less effective than infrasound because it losses its
properties when it changes mediums. Example, from air to human tissue. Like?3
infrasound a lot of power is required to generate these waves which create
biophysical effects. See also Acoustic, Infrasound.
B. Acoustics & Opticals
Acoustic & Optical, Air Burst Simulator. A diversionary device normally
used to simulate the air burst of artillery rounds during infantry training. The
device is fired via a 37-40mm launching device and has an 8 second fuze prior
to ignition.
Acoustic & Optical, Cod-Weight. A heavy, (2 pounds or greater) weight to
which a diversionary device is attached to allow it to be thrown through
window screens, window glass, bushes and similar materials. The name is
derived from the original weights used for deep-sea fishing for Cod.
Acoustic & Optical, Diversionary Device. A hand thrown pyrotechnic device
which emits a loud bang and dazzling light when ignited. The device is
designed to create a sensory overload which temporarily causes confusion and
an inability to effectively respond to a tactical team's actions. Sometimes
called a flash-bang grenade.
Acoustic & Optical, Diversionary Device, Launched. A diversionary device
which can be launched from a 12 gauge shot gun [373].
Acoustic & Optical, Flash Stick. A stick or pole to which a diversionary
device is affixed, allowing it to be precisely placed and held during ignition.
Often used for exact insertion through chain link fences, windows, heavy
brush and so forth.
Acoustic & Optical, Painter's Pole. An extendible pole to which a
diversionary device is affixed allowing it to be precisely placed and held
during ignition. Often used for supporting second story entries from beneath.
The name is derived from the pole used by painters to hold paint rollers when
painting overhead.
Acoustic & Optical, Photic Driver. A crowd control device developed by a
British company prior to 1973 which uses ultrasound and flashing infrared
lights which penetrate closed human eyelids. Potential for epileptic fits
because of the stroboscopic flashing effect. May have been employed by
South African Police during interrogations [23,450].
Acoustic & Optical, Psycho-Correction. A technology invented by a Russian
scientist that involves influencing subjects visually or aurally with imbedded
subliminal messages [318].?4
Acoustic & Optical, Stun Grenade. A non-lethal grenade, XM84, in
development to be used by Army military police [338].
C. Antilethals
Antilethal. Technologies which provide counter-sniper, counter-mortar,
antimissile and high-precision weapons capabilities. Advanced forms of
camouflage and sensors which defeat lethal weapons are additional forms of
this technology [418:24].
Antilethal, Camouflage-Active. Created by dynamically matching the object
to be camouflaged to its background colors and light levels rendering it
virtually invisible to the eye. This is conceptually the same camouflage
process as that used by a chameleon. This is accomplished through a
sophisticated color and light sensor array which detects an object's background
color and brightness. This data is then computer matched and reproduced on a
pixel array covering the viewing service of the object to be camouflaged. Also
known as chameleon camouflage [245,302].
Antilethal, Camouflage-Metamorphic. Uniforms or paint which change color
due to either light or heat sensitivity. Extremely useful for night and day
operations and those taking place in urban environments [245,302].
Antilethal, Counter-Sniper. Electronic sniper-locating systems based on
acoustic, shock wave or infrared measuring technologies. Provides the
location of a hostile sniper to a sniper team or to an automated counter-sniper
system which can fire either a kinetic round or a low-energy laser at the
hostile sniper [2:300-301,505].
Antilethal, Electronic-False Target Generation. An electronic device that
creates and presents an image of a target to a precision laser-guided weapon
that causes that weapon to aim at the false target. Used as a countermeasure to
those precision guided weapons [468:14].
Antilethal, Electronic-Shell Detonator. A system fielded by U.S. troops in
Bosnia which creates an electronic field that causes mortar and artillery shells
to explode prematurely by signaling to them that they have reached their target
[183].
Antilethal, Electromagnetic Shielding. A form of defense against microwave
attack. A metal box, known as a "Faraday Cage," can sometimes function as
one by excluding electromagnetic fields [356:39].
Antilethal, Food Bomb. Humanitarian use of nonlethal weapons. Place
concentrated food pellets rather than anti-personnel bomblets in a cluster?5
bomb unit. For use in cities under siege on the verge of starvation [609].
Antilethal, Laser Protection. Protection is achieved in three ways: absorption
using dyes, reflected using optical coatings and the blocking of specific
wavelengths [287].
Antilethal, Laser Protection-BLPS. Ballistic and Laser Protective Spectacles.
Since 1988, these devices have been issued to high priority Army and Marine
Corps units. The BLPS are dye-filled polycarbonate plastic filters which will
protect eyesight against the low-energy lasers most likely encountered on
today's battlefield, specifically the two or three wave lengths used by common
range finders and target designators based on Nd:YAG and ruby lasers. They
will not give protection against frequency-agile low energy laser weapons
[1:185].
Antilethal, Laser Protection-Smoke. Smoke's attenuative properties allow it
to serve as a passive defense against blinding laser weaponry. Large-area
smoke generation may provide a means to offer continuous protection for
forward elements of U.S. combat forces [115:38].
Antilethal, Low Energy Laser. An Air Force project, known as Have Glance,
in which a pod-mounted, low energy laser would be mounted on an aircraft to
confuse the heat-seeking function of infrared missiles [1:161].
Antilethal, RPG Barrier. See Barrier, Fence-RPG.
Antilethal, Sensor-Acoustic. Remote acoustic sensors placed in an area
overwatch position in urban zones to detect and locate gunfire within that area
[429].
Antilethal, Sensor-Facial Recognition Technology. Experimental
information systems which recognize human facial features and compare them
to databases of wanted suspects. Great potential for apprehending terrorists in
airport terminals and criminals in large crowds. More advanced subdermal
systems will be required as a follow-on to these systems as a counter to
criminals/non-state soldiers who surgically alter their facial features [642].
Antilethal, Sensor-Ground Penetrating Radar. Sensor that can detect
nongeologic objects and human engineered structures beneath the ground by
analyzing the return of electromagnetic waves traveling through geologic
structures. Detection of buried mines and discovery/mapping of underground
bunkers represent practical, nonlethal applications [215:10].
Antilethal, Sensor-Nonimaging Portable Radar. A radar unit which weighs
less than 10 pounds, uses rechargeable batteries, is small enough to fit into a?6
briefcase and will detect motion through nonmetallic walls and floors. Using
sounds instead of images, it detects motion and can transmit to a receiver up to
a distance of 200 feet [302].
Antilethal, Sensor-Retroreflectivity. A theory based on the reflection of light.
Common example is seeing an animal's eyes at night in your headlights.
Allows for an electro-optical sensing mode that can be used to find opposing
electroptics looking into the night for location and targeting purposes.
Antilethal, Smart Gun. A gun which can only be used by the proper user or
users. Identification is automatic and would be carried out by radio frequency
signals or other technologies [620].
Antilethal, Smart Metals. See Markers, Smart Metals.
Antilethal, White Light Goggles. Experimental goggles which "gate out"
bright white light so that the user will not be affected by them along with the
targets [330:6].
D. Antiplant Agents
Antiplant Agent. Compounds used to destroy plants or crops function in one
of two general ways. Growth regulators and desiccants kill or defoliate by
stimulating the leaf fall process (growth regulator) or by drying the leaf blade
(desiccant). The other category, soil sterilizers, contaminate the soil,
preventing or retarding growth. Uses of antiplant agents include destruction of
crops and foliant removal to deny/degrade camouflage [13:77-78].
Antiplant Agent Blue. Fast acting antiplant desiccant containing sodium
dimethyl. The desiccant, unlike anti-plant growth regulators, works by drying
the leaf blade of the plant rather than simulating the plant's leaf fall process
[13:77-78].
Antiplant Agent, Defoliants. Any of a variety of chemical compounds that
either stimulate the leaf fall process, dry the leaf blade or sterilize the soil
[13:77-78].
Antiplant Agent, Operation Ranch Hand. A defoliation program conducted
during the Vietnam War from 1962 to 1970. The primary purpose of the
operation was to deny cover to enemy forces, thereby making ambushes more
difficult. Crop destruction missions were also conducted in northern and
eastern central areas of South Vietnam [22:66-67].
Antiplant Agent Orange. Antiplant growth regulator containing n-butyl esters
of dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and trichlorophenoyacetic acid. Publicized for?7
its use in Operation Ranch Hand in the Vietnam War from 1962-1970 [13:77-
78].
Antiplant Agent Purple. Growth regulator similar to Agent Orange but
contains, in addition, the isobutyl ester of trichlorophenoxyacetic acid [13:77-
78].
Antiplant Agent White. Antiplant growth regulator composed of a mixture of
tri-iso-propanolanime salt of dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and picloram in
water [13:77-78].
E. Barriers
Barrier, Air Bag, Backseat. An automobile airbag designed to hold in place a
suspect placed in a police car. Designed because of the frequency of violent
behavior once suspects have been handcuffed and placed in a police car for
transport.
Barrier, Air Bag Mine. A nonlethal vehicular mine based on a type of air bag
[339].
Barrier, Caltrops. A personnel and vehicular barrier device with four
projecting spikes so arranged that when three of the spikes are on the ground,
the fourth points upward. The term caltrop is derived from an English water
chestnut which was used to impede the mobility of heavy cavalry during the
Middle Ages. Caltrops were used in Somalia by the Marines during United
Shield to supplement key barrier systems at night during the final hours of the
withdrawal [378].
Barrier, Coating-Slick. Teflon-type lubricants which create a slippery surface
because of their chemical properties. These
chemical agents reduce friction with the intent to inhibit the free movement of
the target. In the 1960s the term "Instant Banana Peel" was coined to describe
the capability provided by Riotril. When applied to a hard surface and wetted
down, this dry, relatively-inexpensive, non-toxic, non-corrosive white powder
becomes ice slick. It becomes virtually impossible for an individual to move
or stand up on a hard surface so treated. Tire-type vehicles are also unable to
get traction. Riotril, if allowed to dry, can easily be peeled away or, because of
its water-soluble nature, can also be hosed away with high-pressure streams
[2:302-303,16,91, 356,565]. Also known as low-friction polymers, slick'ems,'
and superlubricants.
Barrier, Coating-Sticky. Polymer adhesives used to bond down equipment
and human targets. Also known as stick'ems' and superadhesives [16].?8
Barrier, Electronic. See Antilethal, Electronic-Shell Detonator.
Barrier, Emulsifier. Agents, contained in a mixture of mutually insoluble
liquids, which were dispersed over the Ho Chi Minh trail to degrade the
logistical lifeline of Viet Cong forces during the Vietnam War. Used in
tandem with clouding seeding. Also known as soil destabilizers [434].
Barrier, Fence-Electrical. See Electrical, Fence.
Barrier, Fence-RPG. Conventional fencing, usually 6 ft high, with barbed
wire on top. While the anti-mobility utility of such fencing is apparent it also
had an anti-lethal capability. In Vietnam this fencing was erected as a rocket
propelled grenade (RPG) screen in front of armored fighting positions and
around command vehicles. RPGs which hit this screen either had their fusing
systems disabled (RPG7's) or prematurely detonated (RPG2's). Also known as
cyclone fencing [635,637:109].
Barrier, Foam-Aqueous. Originally derived from a fire fighting compound
used to put out airplane fires. Barrier foam is a derivative which is thicker in
consistency. This technology employs a safe, biodegradable form of suds
which can be piled up to as high as four feet. Barrier foam can be applied over
fences, concertina wire, ditches to be seeded with caltrops (a four pointed
device designed to puncture tires) to prevent vehicular passage. By applying
the foam over obstacles, it impedes the ability to defeat them. Barrier foam, as
its name implies, is used to deny entry or passage. The conceptual origins of
this foam date back to 1965 [2:300,82,302,378].
Barrier, Foam-Aqueous, Generator. Concept involves blowing air through
nylon net kept wet with mixture which creates aqueous foam [529].
Barrier, Foam-Aqueous Riot Control Agent. The ordinary suds of barrier
foam can be enhanced with the addition of substances such as oleoresin
capsicum, the primary ingredient in "pepper spray," or CS [165].
Barrier, Foam-Sticky. A name given to a polymer-based superadhesive agent.
The technology first began appearing in commercial applications such as
"super glue" and quick setting foam insulation. It is extremely persistent and is
virtually impossible to remove without a liquid solvent which has a pleasant
citrus odor. The solvent can be applied as a spray or poured on. The foam then
appears to dissipate, releasing its hold and allowing suspects to be arrested and
safely transported. Sticky foam came to public attention on February 28, 1995
when U.S. Marines used it in Mogadishu, Somalia, to prevent armed intruders
from impeding efforts to
extricate United Nation forces from that county [302,378].?9
Barrier, Foam-Sticky, Dispenser. An interior barrier system, operated by
either intruder penetration or command, which administers a sticky-foam
barrier in a passageway from floor to ceiling [506].
Barrier, Rope, Launcher. Nylon rope dispersed by a compressed air launcher
using mounted on a truck. Thirty cubic feet per minute [529].
Barrier, Smoke-Antilaser. See Antilethal, Laser Protection-Smoke.
Barrier, Smoke-Cold. A thick, disorienting "cold smoke" which
can be generated in areas from 2,000 to 50,000 cubic feet. It restricts an
intruders eye-hand coordination and interactions among members of an
intruding group [506].
Barrier, Spike. An angle-cut metal rod driven into an unsurfaced road's wheel
pit. A 1/2 inch diameter rod, protruding only about 3 inches, is blunt enough
so as to not penetrate a shoe sole under a person's weight, yet a heavy vehicle
will drive it through a tire [15:92].
Barrier, Spiked Strip. Flat strip resembling a fire hose with retractable hollow
spikes designed to flatten the tires of a target automobile. When the strip is
activated, hollow spikes extend vertically and puncture the tires as the vehicle
rolls over the strip. Also known as road spikes [566:2].
Barrier, Stakes. A sharp stake, often of wood or bamboo, that is concealed in
high grass, deep mud or pits. It is often coated with excrement, and intended
to wound and infect the feet of enemy soldiers. Can be utilized both as a
booby trap and as a barrier. Commonly known as punji stick or punji stakes.
Barrier, Wire/Tape-Barbed, Launcher. Dispensing systems for flat barbed
tape and barbed wire which could be quickly deployed into concertina form
[82,529].
F. Batons
Baton, Biotechnical-Injector. A baton with an automatic self-injecting
syringe for administering the antidote to nerve gas built into it's tip and filled
with calmatives or other biotechnical agents [165].
Baton, Breakaway. A baton made of a substance that will break if used
incorrectly [529].
Baton, Electrical. Standard dimension baton which delivers an electric charge
of low voltage, powered by standard flash-light cells [2:240,23,529]. Also
known as stun baton or shok baton.?10
Baton, Expandable. Measures 6" to 7" in closed position. The three telescopic
sections rapidly flick open to an extended 16" to 18". Also known as
extensible billyclub [529].
Baton, Riot Control Agent. 12-26" plastic baton which is able to project riot
control agents [2:211-212].
Baton, Side-Handle. A baton with a side-handle attachment which allows it to
be twirled for greater impact and used more effectively to block an opponent's
blows.
Baton, Straight. Wooden, plastic, metallic rod from 12" to 36" used as a
swung impact weapon. Can either hang from a leather throng or be held in a
holster. Smaller version, 6" to 8." Also known as nightstick or billyclub.
Baton, Straight, Flashlight. Heavy shock resistant flash light which can be
swung like a baton.
Baton, Straight, Flashlight-Riot Control Agent. Shock resistance
polyethylene flash light. Besides providing a light source, this flashlight can
be used as a baton and to project a riot control agent [2:216].
Baton, Two-Handed Riot. The 36 in. long riot baton is employed like a rifle
and bayonet-- overhead blows could be fatal. Short, one-handed batons are not
appropriate for close-quarter riot actions [74,95].
G. Biotechnicals
Biotechnical, Behavior-Altering Drugs. See Biotechnical, Calmatives.
Suggested delivery in a gaseous form for terrorist and hostage situations in
1987 [556].
Biotechnical, Biodegrading Microbes. Microbes which turn storage tanks full
of aviation fuel into useless jelly. Such microbes may produce acids or
enzymes which can be tailored to degrade almost anything, even concrete and
metal, so their potential use as nonlethal weapons could be extensive
[171:2,356:38].
Biotechnical, Calmatives. Biotechnical agents which are sedatives or sleep-inducing
drugs; includes alfentinil, fentanyls, ketamine and BZ. Several of
them make ideal choices for this application when mixed with dimethyl
sulfoxide (DMSO), which promotes absorption through skin to quickly sedate
persons contacted. DMSO introduces the calmative agent into the bloodstream?11
by increasing the epidermal absorption rate by about 1,000 percent. The
explosion of a flash bang (sometimes called a diversionary device) represents
one method of dispersing DMSO and a calmative agent. Calmatives were
reportedly used by the Soviets against the Mujahideen in Afghanistan
[16,176:83,302,431,556]. Also known as sleep agents.
Biotechnical, Disease Organisms. Nonfatal diseases targeted toward troops
and civilians. Such viral agents were developed by Iraq to be used against
Western forces during the Gulf War so as to create long term disabling
injuries. Agents being considered for use were those that cause hemorrhagic
conjunctivitis, chronic diarrhea, yellow fever and Crimean Congo
hemorrhagic fever [627].
Biotechnical, DM. Diphenylaminechloroarsine. A sickening agent no longer
in use by the military because of health risks. Probably ruled out of use in
Vietnam by October, 1965. Effects include sneezing, shortness of breath,
retching and vomiting, hemorrhaging, and possible death. Mixed with CN for
immediate effect [13:19,529].
Biotechnical, Genetic Alteration. The act of changing genetic code to create a
desired less-than-lethal but longterm disablement effect, perhaps for
generations, thereby creating a societal burden.
Biotechnical, Hypodermic Syringe-Dart. Modified shotgun or handgun in
which the projectile is a drug-filled syringe activated by a small charge on
impact. Wide variety of drugs available including emetic (vomiting) agents
[2:293,165,529].
Biotechnical, Injector-Baton. See Baton, Biotechnology- Injector.
Biotechnical, Malodorous Agents. Foul-smelling gases and sprays such as
hydrogen sulphide (H2S) or a compound known as NaS8 which is used in
making plastics. Could be delivered by a grenade. Past work on "cultural
specific" agents has also been undertaken [356,529]. See also Biotechnical,
Project Agile.
Biotechnical, Neuro-Implant. Computer implants into the brain which allow
for behavioral modification and control. Current research is experimental in
nature and focuses on lab animals such as mice [636].
Biotechnical, Pheromones. The chemical substances released by animals to
influence physiology or behavior of other members of the same species. One
use of pheromones, at the most elemental level, could be to mark target
individuals and then release bees to attack them. This would result in forcing
them to exit an area or abandon resistance [195].?12
Biotechnical, Project Agile. Series of military science studies in Asia
conducted by Battele Memorial Institute in May 1966 for Advanced Research
Projects Agency (ARPA). One such study centered on developing 'stink'
bombs which were race specific [320].
Biotechnical, Wetware. Advanced technology devices which are surgically
implanted into the body rather than worn. These devices can be used to
enhance memory and the human senses, modify behavior or to locate allied
troops. Pacemakers represent an early form of wetware. New concept
developed in this document.
H. Electricals
Electrical, Armored Personnel Carrier. Standard armored personnel carrier
fitted with a gate-like apparatus in the front and charged to a high voltage.
Used by West German police to clear streets or round up small groups of
people [165].
Electrical, Baton. See Baton, Electrical.
Electrical, Fence. A fence which delivers a nonlethal electrical shock. It can
be employed as an effective barrier against intruders [74:66].
Electrical, Flashlight. A type of flashlight designed with electrodes on the
base. Effective range is minimal [556].
Electrical, Glove. A glove with an electric impulse generator in the palm and
the bottom sides of the glove fingers. A close-in device similar to the electric
stun gun and the electric flashlight [556].
Electrical, High-Voltage Telsa Coil. Passed from public scene because of
their indiscriminate use against blacks in several Southern states in the mid-1960s.
Example, electric baton or electric cattle prod [165].
Electrical, Homemade Body Armor. Newspapers and magazines stuffed
down inmates' clothing and/or the use of mattresses as shields to counter the
effects of stun guns [385].
Electrical, Police Jacket. Police jacket which jolts anyone who touches it
[165].
Electrical, Projector. An advanced version of the standoff stun gun, where no
wires are required. The charges are delivered through the air through pre-ionized
air channels or by charging a low energy projectile which releases the?13
charge at impact. Another approach is to launch a low energy projectile that
releases the electrical charge at impact by compressing a piezo-electric
element [195:8].
Electrical, Stun Belt. A command activated belt worn by prisoners which
delivers a mild electric shock when they become combative [385].
Electrical, Stun Gun-Close In. A small, two-pronged, hand held electrical
discharge weapon. Effective range is less than an arm length. It works by
affecting the muscle signal paths, disturbing the nerve system [556].
Electrical, Stun Gun-Standoff. A form of stun gun with a range of 20 feet. It
fires small, barbed electrical contactors, via a fine trailing wire, which snare a
victim's clothing. A 3-4 second lapse takes place before the target is subdued.
The development of this device was inspired by the Watts Riots in 1965
[408,529].
Electrical, Water Stream. A mobile unit projects a water stream charged with
high voltage, low amperage. Another method cites 2 water jets, 1 negatively
charged and 1 positively charged, which meet to close the circuit [529].
I. Electromagnetics
Electromagnetic, Engine Kill. The use of high-powered microwaves to kill
the electrical system of an engine.
Electromagnetic, High Power Microwave [HPM], Weapons. Energy
generated by a conventional electromagnetic apparatus, such as a radar
transmitter, or released from a conventional explosion converted into a
radio-frequency weapon which causes the disruption of electronic systems.
Usually an ultra-wide ban source focus due to target vulnerability considerations.
HPMs can also cause human unconsciousness without permanent maiming by
upsetting the neural pathways in the brain and/or death [256,278].
Electromagnetic, Interference (EMI). Flight control systems of military
aircraft are sensitive to electromagnetic interference (EMI). It is suspected that
several crashes of Army UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters may have resulted
when they flew too near large microwave transmitters [278].
Electromagnetic, Maser. Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission
of Radiation. A microwave generation device.
Electromagnetic Pulse, Non-Nuclear [NNEMP], Weapons. Non-nuclear
EMP generating weapons mounted on cruise missiles or unmanned aerial
vehicles (UAVs) which would disable enemy tanks and early warning radars?14
would be invaluable. Such weapons when they explode would produce a
momentary burst of microwaves powerful enough to disable all but special,
radiation-hardened electronic devices [205,261,262].
Electromagnetic, Radio Frequency [RF], Weapons. A class of weapons
which transmit short, high-powered pulses of electromagnetic radiation over
significant ranges [278].
Electromagnetic, Rocket-Powered Unit. Unmanned miniature-wheeled
vehicle launched by a police cruiser which delivers an electromagnetic energy
pulse to the underside of a fleeing car's engine controls and associated sensors
to disable it [644:4].
Electromagnetic, Static Unit. See Electromagnetic, Rocket-Powered Unit.
Static version resembling a pancake shaped bump in the road. Remote control
or unmanned automatic control [644:4].
Electromagnetic, Thermal Gun. A device that directs energy to produce heat,
in concept similar to a microwave oven [565].
J. Entanglers
Entangler, Animal "Come-Along." A pole with a looped wire attached to one
end. When the wire is placed around the neck of a subject and then tightened
it produces a choking effect much in the same manner as that of a choking
collar used for dogs.
Entangler, Bola. Device consisting of two or three heavy balls attached by
one or two ropes/cords and used for entanglement purposes. It is twirled
overhead in one hand and hurled or cast at the intended target. Designed to
entangle legs to retard/stop movement. Probably an ancient weapon, but made
famous by the gauchos of South America, who used them to catch cattle and
ostrich.
Entangler, Cloggers. Polymer agents, sticky-soft plastics, used in burst
munitions to clog up jet and tank engine intakes [144].
Entangler, Cloggers-Colored. Clogging agents when mixed with dyes result
in "tinted clouds" whose presence let friendly forces know not to enter them
[353].
Entangler, Cloggers-Colored, Mine-Air. Cloggers mixed with colored gas
which designate an air mine to allied pilots or drones. These air mines can be
intermixed with "decoy mines" consisting solely of colored gas and laid in air
mine fields to restrict aerial mobility [54].?15
Entangler, Monofilament Fishing Line. When spread out on snow,
monofilament fishing line may be sucked into a snowmobile's track
mechanism and cause it to jam. Effectiveness unconfirmed [15:108].
Entangler, Net-Electrified. A net shot from a gun at a targeted individual.
Will release an electric shock if the target tries to struggle [361:69].
Entangler, Net, Gun. Fires a net which entangles a human or vehicular target.
One such net is 18 feet wide and employs glue-coated strands. Another is 28-
foot-wide, fired from a cannon and can envelope a car or armored vehicle
[121:24,165].
Entangler, Net, Mine-Human. Mine detonation fires a net into the air which
lands upon a soldier target.
Entangler, Net, Mine-Vehicular. A device laid across a road which shoots a
fabric barrier up about to 2 meters to ensnare an oncoming vehicle [216].
Entangler, Net-Poles. A capture device based on a pair of 6 foot nylon poles
that have a strong chain interlaced between them. It is employed by two
people who capture the target in the chain mesh between the poles
[2:295,569:21].
Entangler, Riot Gloves. Heavy protective gloves used by prison guards and
riot police which protect the hands and forearms from cuts and blunt trauma.
These gloves allow for the grappling of prisoners and rioters.
K. Holograms
Hologram, Death. Hologram used to scare a target individual to death.
Example, a drug lord with a weak heart sees the ghost of his dead rival
appearing at his bedside and dies of fright [149:4].
Hologram, Prophet. The projection of the image of an ancient god over an
enemy capitol whose public communications have been seized and used
against it in a massive psychological operation [609].
Hologram, Soldiers-Forces. The projection of soldier-force images which
make an opponent think more allied forces exist than actually do, make an
opponent believe that allied forces are located in a region where none actually
exist, and/or provide false targets for his weapons to fire upon. New concept
developed in this document.?16
L. Markers
Marker, Foam Dye. Hand held device which is used to spray green foaming
dye into the face of an opponent. Obscures vision and marks the target for one
week for future identification.
Marker, Invisible. One concept envisions a fluorescent powder sprayed into
crowds from pressurized container. Particles adhere to clothing and are only
visible under ultraviolet light. Another concept envisions sponge grenades
impregnated with infrared dye so that rioters can be later identified [529].
Marker, Laser Paint. A laser dye and scatterer suspended in a host medium.
When irradiated with a laser beam, this "laser paint" exhibits laser-like
properties, becoming a brilliant light source, without being a collimated beam
[355].
Marker, Paint Gun. Gelatin capsule containing a marking agent which
splatters on impact leaving a 3" circle and streamers from 12" to 18"
[2:294,529].
Marker, Smart Metals. Metals formed with chemical additives or blended in a
particular form so that they would function only when used for legitimate
purposes or give off telltales signs to inspectors when used improperly
[176:84].
Marker, Smoke Dyes. Marking dye added to smoke during crowd control
situations [529].
M. Obscurants
Obscurant, Agents. Rapid-hardening agents used to obscure the vision
ports/optics of an armored fighting vehicle [144].
Obscurant, Crazing. Higher powered low energy laser weapons have the
capability of heating and distorting or cracking the glass lenses of optical
systems. This effect is called crazing and is caused when the heat buildup and
subsequent cooling in the glass surface creates uneven stresses in the glass
surface to crack it. The result is a frosted effect, making it impossible to see
through the glass lenses or vision blocks (glass windows) in tanks. Such
targets may be effected at long ranges, and the optics can be crazed in less
time than is needed to blink an eye [1:148].
Obscurant, Laser-Argon Beam. An Argon laser aimed at windows,
automobile windshields or airplane canopies for vision denial purposes.
Microabrasions in the glass scatter this particular wavelength of light turning?17
the entire sheet a glaring, opaque green. As a result, a sniper could not see
through a window or a suicide driver would not be able to look out through
the windshield of the truck laden with explosives that he was driving [253].
Obscurant, Myopia. The inability of the human eye to focus light from
infinity accurately, which, in practical terms, means beyond approximately 20
feet. If induced through nerve/chemical agents, performance degradation
could be dramatic, especially in aviation operations, because studies indicate
that as much as 85% of pilot sensory perception/ performance is through sight.
Nerve gas can induce myopia [14:42].
Obscurant, Smoke-Colored. Colored smoke concentrations produce greater
initial psychological and panic effect than white smoke. Caucasians are said to
have a greater repugnance to brilliant green smoke, which is associated with
disagreeable personal experiences such as seasickness, bile and vomit.
Negroids and Latins are declared to be most adversely affected by brilliant
red. Rioters confronted with a strong concentration of colored smoke feel,
instinctively, that they are being marked, or stained, and thus they lose
anonymity [2:198-199].
Obscurant, Smoke-White. White obscuring smoke delivered by grenades or
smoke pots. Relatively inexpensive, non-toxic, noncontaminating and
tactically ideal for police use. Obscuring smokes are temporarily irritating to
the nose and throat, and cause those affected to lose visibility, sense of
purpose and direction [2:198,529].
N. Opticals
Optical, Add-On Combat Assault Weapon. The use of a low energy laser
weapon as a compliment to the main armament of a tank or infantry fighting
vehicle or as a compliment to a antitank missile system [1:172].
Optical, Bucha Effect. High intensity strobe lights which flash at near human
brain wave frequency causing vertigo, disorientation, and vomiting [245]. See
also Optical, Stroboscopic Device.
Optical, Cameo Bluejay. A 75 pound version of the AN/VLO-7 Stingray
designed for use by the Apache attack helicopter [1:161].
Optical, C-CLAW. The Close-Combat Laser Assault Weapon, code named
"Roadrunner," was an early 1980s Army tactical laser proto-type which was
designed to attack the optics of opposing armored fighting vehicles. The
program was canceled in 1984 as a result of adverse publicity over human
blinding issues and cost/weight requirements [435].?18
Optical, Cobra. Prototype of the AN/PLQ-5 Laser Countermeasures System.
A 30-pound hand-held laser weapon used to damage enemy sensors and
human eyes. Because this device may operate on three-different wave lengths
it may be impossible to be currently defended against [1:161-164].
Optical, Cornet Prince. Air Force version of the AN/VLO-7 Stingray. It is a
pod mounted system which is intended to protect an aircraft from enemy air
defense weapons which are dependent on optics and electro-optics for their
effect. Cornet Prince has a detection system which notifies an air crew if it is
under attack or if attack is imminent so that it can take the proper
counter-measures
[1:160].
Optical, Crazing. See Obscurant, Crazing.
Optical, Dazer. Battery-operated 20,000 candlepower "flashlight." It uses an
alexandrite laser and is meant to provide infantry with a nonlethal capability
against armored targets by attacking sensors, night vision devices and
personnel. The shoulder-fired Dazer weighs about 20 pounds and is
submachine gun size [1:161-163,16].
Optical, Dazzle. A class of optical weapons that emit extremely bright light
causing temporary blindness.
Optical, Dazzle Rifle. A rifle which emits an eye-safe argon-ion laser beam
designed to disorient the target [352].
Optical, Demons. Term for directed-energy munitions [16].
Optical, Electro-Optical Countermeasures System. AN/VLO-7, Stingray. A
laser designed to blind the optics and electro-optics of enemy tanks and
armored fighting vehicles. Two test versions were deployed in the Gulf War
by the Army but not used. This device weighs about 160 kilograms. It can be
mounted on both the M1 Abrams tank and the Bradley infantry fighting
vehicle [16,546]. See also Antilethal, Sensor-Retroreflectivity.
Optical, Flares. Both directional and omnidirectional flares can be used
against personnel and materiel to obscure vision.
Optical Flash. A 40-mm artillery shell filled with plastic dye laser rods. Used
to blind electro-optic sensors and enemy personnel [114].
Optical, High Intensity Lights. High intensity hydrogen-chloride light on a
reflector equipped hand-held candle holder [529].
Optical, Illuminating-Grenade. In night ambushes in Vietnam the MK1?19
Illuminating Grenade, which produced 55,000 candlepower for 25 seconds,
effectively blinded Viet Cong caught in the center of its illumination zone for
short periods of time.
Optical, Isotropic Radiators. Special munitions that illuminate or bloom with
laser-bright intensity causing the same retinal or optical damage as LEL (low
energy laser) weapons. Isotropic radiation is generated by an explosive burst
that superheats a gaseous plasma surrounding it, causing a laser-bright flash
[246].
Optical, Laser. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
Optical, Laser-Argon Beam. See Obscurant, Laser-Argon Beam.
Optical, Laser-Anti-Oil Storage Tank. Man-portable laser system with a
back-pack power supply designed for use against storage tanks in the Gulf
War. Use debated [16,577].
Optical, Laser Countermeasures System [LCMS]. AN/PLQ-5. M-16 rifle-mounted
and backpack-powered 42 pound system. Can detect and disrupt
optical and electro-optical targeting systems at "stand-off ranges." While not
specifically intended to harm human eyes, the system was canceled so U.S.
troops would not be subjected to war crimes concerns [277,520].
Optical, Laser Dazzle System [LDS]. U.K. Royal Navy's low energy laser
system deployed during the 1982 Falklands war by two of its frigates
[475,476].
Optical, Laser-Infrared CO2. Laser which can heat the skin of a target to
cause pain but will not burn the skin. Application against the hand of a suspect
holding a knife or gun to a hostage [253].
Optical, Light Flashing Devices. Devices which are much like a
photographer's flash bulb but at a greatly increased power. They are used to
disorient target individuals by causing temporary flash blindness [23:206].
Optical, Low Energy Laser-Antilethal. See Antilethal, Low Energy Laser.
Optical, Low Energy Laser-Eye Safe. A continuous wave laser, mounted on a
M-16/M-203 rifle, that produces a high-intensity glare strong enough to
temporarily delay and disorient an adversary so that he can't complete a mental
task, like cutting a fence or walking on rough terrain. Effective range of
several hundred meters. Laser powered by 6 rechargeable AA size batteries
[310:19].?20
Optical, Mobile Test Unit. Mid-1970s Army tactical laser concept utilizing a
medium powdered laser mounted on a Marine Corps armored personnel
carrier called the Mobile Test Unit. Used to shoot down some helicopter
drones [435].
Optical Munitions. A class of non-lethal weapons which rely upon either a
multi-directional or uni-directional intense burst of light [isotropic radiator
(laser)] generated by the high-explosive shock heating of an inert gas [543].
Optical, Stroboscopic Device. Devices employed against demonstrators which
cause stroboscopic flashing. Same principle as a discotheque "strobe." In the
5-15 hertz range these devices can cause various physical symptoms and in a
small portion of the population may trigger epileptic seizures [23:206].
O. Projectiles
Projectile, Bag-Bean. Fabric sacks filled with lead shot (usually No. 9)
weighing from 40 to 150 grams, designed to be fired from 12 gauge shotguns
and 37mm (40mm) launchers. The bags conform to the shape of the target on
impact, producing less damage than a solid hard projectile. The bags are rolled
in the cartridge and unroll after exiting the launch barrel. These projectiles are
designed for direct impact on the target, therefore accuracy is important to
ensure effective impacts. The level of energy delivered ranges from 40 to 100-
foot pounds, depending on the distance the projectile has to travel. Also
known as Flying Bean Bag or Shot Bag.
Projectile, Bag-Bean-Rubberized, Gun. A prison gun which utilizes
rubberized bean bag projectiles. Used for movement of cell blocks and
surprise advances [385].
Projectile, Bag-Stun. Early form of nonlethal projectile composed of a 5 1/4
ounce canvas pouch filled with metal buckshot which spread into a 3-inch
diameter pancake in flight. Known to cause serious injury [511:672].
Projectile, Bag-Stun, Launcher. An obsolete gun which delivered a cartridge
containing a 4" diameter stun-bag loaded with 1/5 to 1/2 lb. of shot. It could
be used as handgun or with an extension as a shotgun. It has been replaced by
the 12 gauge shotgun and the 37 (and 40) mm launchers [529]. Also known as
the stun gun.
Projectile, Ball-Rubber, Grenade. An explosive anti-riot device which hurtles
a large number of small "stinging" rubber balls at rioters when ignited. May or
may not contain riot control agents [373]. Also known as stingball or stinger
grenade.?21
Projectile, Ball-Rubber, Round. The common usage of this term now refers to
a number of 5/8 in. rubber balls fired from a 12 ga. shotgun. The 3/8 in. ball is
also common. Both have a hardness of about 50 shore. These rounds have
maximum effect when fired in confined spaces, where multiple bounces
augment the number of impacts on the target with sufficient force to sting
rather than hurt. The eyes are the most at risk of damage, due to the small size
and velocity of the balls. The older use of this term refers to a rubber ball
fitted with a "Blake" attachment to a shotgun. The ball can be solid or filled
with liquid or gas. Various designs existed for point or area targets [529].
Projectile, Barricade Penetrating. Any projectile which delivers a riot control
agent into a barricade situation via a window or plate-glass. One such
projectile is a fin stabilized injection-molded plastic device which disperses a
highly-volatile liquid CS agent [2:150,82].
Projectile, Baton-Plastic. A PVC cylinder 1/2 inches in diameter and 4 inches
long. Instead of being bounced off of the ground these rounds are directly
fired at the intended target. Causes a bruising impact blow with a claimed
effective range of 30 to 65 yards. At point blank range this round can be fatal.
First used by the British Army in Northern Ireland in February of 1973 as a
replacement for rubber bullets [2:159,511:672]. Also known as riot baton
round, plastic bullets or PVC bullets.
Projectile, Baton-Rubber. Pliable rubber cylindrical projectiles delivered from
the riot gun or British Army signal gun. Aimed at crowd's legs or at the
ground for ricochet effect into a crowd [165,529]. Also known as rubber
baton or rubber bullet 6-inch.
Projectile, Baton-Wooden. Wooden cylinder delivered by a riot gun or by a
British Army signal gun [529]. Also known as broomstick round.
Projectile, Baton-Wooden Multiple. A 37-38mm round which disperses 5
wooden pellets which can be fired from a distance or ricocheted into the mob.
Direct fire at close or point blank range can cause serious or fatal injuries
[2:158].
Projectile, Baton-Wooden Whistling. A short fluted cylinder made of wood
and fired at low-velocity for crowd dispersal. This round makes a whistling
sound when fired. Whistling sound and visibility of round valued over kinetic
impact. Fired by a Hong Kong Pellet Gun [165].
Projectile, Chaff-Ceramic. Dropped or fired in front of an aircraft which
when ingested by a jet engine will destroy its turbine blades and other
mechanisms [356:35].?22
Projectile, Gas Vortex. If a gas vortex, a highly stable phenomenon, was
projected at some velocity, the difference in pressure on the leading and
trailing edges would produce an impact. Potential use in crowd and riot
control situations [556:19].
Projectile, Launcher-ARWEN. Anti-Riot Weapon Enfield. A hand-held,
cylinder fed, shoulder-launched 37mm anti-riot weapon which is used to
launch a variety of impact devices such as bean bags, pellets, rubber and
wooden baton rounds, etc.
Projectile, Launcher-Blake Impact Gun. Aluminum alloy-type, golf ball
sized projectile fitted to a bolt-action shotgun [529].
Projectile, Launcher-Velocity Adjusting. Small arms weapon with an
adjustable muzzle velocity intended for delivery of less-than-lethal munitions
such as rubber or PVC bullets. The purpose of the adjustment is to tailor the
velocity to the range [35].
Projectile, Launcher-Very Pistol. A 37mm pistol used to fire tear gas and
other nonlethal projectiles.
Projectile, Liquid Filled. Several types of hollow rubber projectiles have been
manufactured. The most recent, in a 12 ga. shotgun size, is filled with a liquid
dye to mark the target for subsequent identification, in addition to the impact
effect. The working range is from 5 to 75 feet. Older types included a 3 inch
diameter, .5 lb. rubber ball filled with water, to be used as an impact projectile.
The range was 75 ft. The launcher was large and heavy [529].
Projectile, Mine-Claymore. Modular Crowd Control Munition. A nonlethal
claymore-type mine which disperses blunt impact ordnance for crowd control
purposes [373].
Projectile, Muzzle Launch Ordnance [MLO]. MLO MA/RA 88 less-than-lethal
shot for the M16A2 Rifle. Must disorient targets at effective ranges of
30-70 meters, not create shrapnel, and be of minimal hazard [338,373].
Projectile, Ricochet-Soft Plastic. Polyethylene pellets 1/16" in diameter
delivered from a standard 12-gauge shotgun aimed to ricochet. Available in
larger sizes [529].
Projectile, Ring Airfoil Grenade, Launcher. Launcher Adapter, M234
Designed for attachment to M16A1 rifle. Uses blank cartridge (M755) to
propel either Soft Ring Airfoil Grenade (M742) or Sting Ring Airfoil Grenade
(M743).?23
Projectile, Ring Airfoil Grenade-Soft. Soft RAG, M742. A rubberized donut
shape with airfoil cross-section that is launched spinning from M234 adapter
attached to M16A1 rifle. A series of cavities in the projectile body contain
packets of CS powder. Target impact opens the CS packets and disseminates
the chemical (powder). This system has been replaced by the Non-Lethal
40mm Sponge Grenade.
Projectile, Ring Airfoil Grenade-Sting. Sting RAG, M742. A rubberized
donut shape with airfoil cross section that is launched spinning from the M234
adapter attached to M16A1 rifle. Intended as an initial deterrent via kinetic
energy impact. Can also be used as a training round. This system has been
replaced by the Non-Lethal 40mm Sponge Grenade.
Projectile, Rock Salt. Large salt crystals fired from shot guns. Crowd
dispersal method.
Projectile, Rubber. These projectiles can be solid (homogeneous) or clad
(composite). Solid rubber projectiles can be further classified by density,
ranging from high density (hard), to soft (foam). The shape of the
homogeneous projectiles varies from a right cylinder (35mm diameter by 3
inches long) to a cylinder with a hemispherical nose, to short cylinders (35mm
diameter by 1 1/2 inches long-multi-projectiles, soft foam) to hard, finned
shape projectiles (12 gauge), and balls about 5/8 inch. The large cylinders
fired to strike the ground in front of the target individuals, bouncing up to hit
them. Depending on the distance from the ground impact to the target, the
impact point can range from the knees to the head, producing different results.
Past experience with this method of firing has shown that.
Projectile, Shards-Ceramic. Fired against aircraft to disable their engines or
to degrade their stealth capabilities [16].
Projectile, Splatt-Thixotropic. Special Purpose Low Lethality Anti-Terrorist.
Any projectile that deforms at impact, without penetrating the body. One
materiel preparation designed to accomplish this action is described in the
patent. The whole projectile is made of this substance, not just the tip. The
older usage of this term referred to any caliber shotgun shell with grease or
soft putty on the tip which would deform at impact [529].
Projectile, Sponge Grenade. 40mm nonlethal projectile developed for the
M203 grenade launcher made out of spongy material. Can either be used as a
kinetic weapon or with the inclusion of a CS or marking dye wafer. Potentially
fatal within 25 meters or if an eye shot occurs. Successor to the discontinued
Soft/Sting Airfoil Grenade System.
Projectile, Water Stream. Mobile unit which projects a continuing stream of?24
water for riot control purposes [529].
Projectile, Water Stream-Electrical. See Electrical, Water Stream.
P. Reactants
Reactant, Acetylene, Grenade. One pound bomb containing calcium carbide
and water. Upon detonation, forms a bubble of acetylene gas seven feet in
diameter. When sucked into the air intake of a diesel at concentrations as little
as one percent, the gas would cause the fuel in each cylinder to ignite
prematurely, with enough force to break piston rods [144,387].
Reactant, Chemical Compounds. Chemical compounds which are magnitudes
more powerful than hydrofluoric acid. A mixture of hydrochloric acid (HCI)
and nitric acid (H2NO3) will dissolve most noble metals, such as gold and
platinum, and organic compounds. Could be delivered by binary weapons to
attack structures, armored fighting vehicles, roads, roof tops and optical
systems [16,246,356]. Also known as supercaustics, superacids, supercorrisive
bases, C+, and tire eaters.
Reactant, Cloud Seeding. Silver iodide dropped into clouds over the Ho Chi
Minh trail during the Vietnam War in order to promote additional rainfall
which would degrade Viet Cong logistics [434]. See also Reactant, Operation
Popeye.
Reactant, Combustion Alteration. This technology consists of chemical
additives that either contaminate or change the viscosity characteristics of fuel
to degrade standard engine performance. The additives may be ingested as a
vapor through air intakes, mixed with fuel during the intake cycle or applied
directly to a fuel source causing almost instant engine failure [302:13,16].
Reactant, Liquid Metal Embrittlement [LME]. Agents operate by altering the
molecular structure of base metals or alloys and could significantly interfere
with the operation of the aircraft, vehicles, metal treads and bridge supports to
which they were applied. LMEs are clear and have little or no perceptible
residue, whether sprayed on or applied with felt-tip markers. Some ambiguity
exists because LMEs may refer to both liquids and liquid metals [16,302,356].
Reactant, LME Graffiti. Graffiti used to mask an LME strike against a bridge
or other target. Great potential for terrorist use. Example, phone call to law
enforcement stating that an LME strike has been conducted against one of a
number of bridges in a city using red LME graffiti.
Reactant, Operation Popeye. The cloud-seeding campaign
conducted by the U.S. military during the Vietnam War. 2,602
Popeye flights were flown?25 through 1972 in hopes of
interdicting the flow of Communists troops and supplies along
the Ho Chi Minh Trail [434].
Reactant, Pyrophoric Particles. Particles which when ingested in a
combustion chamber give off heat and thus overheat the chamber which
causes thermal failure. Caesium would be one likely candidate [144,356].
Also known as polystyrene peanuts.
Q. Riot Control Agents
Riot Control Agent, Area Dispensers. RCA dispensers mounted in the walls
and ceilings of prison facilities. They provide law enforcement personnel the
ability to move groups out of or from one area to another through CS and OC
dispersement [385].
Riot Control Agent, CA. 4-Bromobenzylcyanide. CA was one of the first tear
agents used. It is not as effective as CN or CS and is obsolete. CA produces a
burning sensation of the mucous membranes and severe irritation and tearing
of the eyes with acute pain in the forehead [584:52]. Also known as BBC,
larmine, and camite.
Riot Control Agent, Chemical Mace. Small spray can containing a 0.9 per
cent solution of agent CN in a variety of petroleum based carriers including a
mixed freon/hydrocarbon solvent. First introduced in 1966. CS-Mace then
developed in 1968 by suggestion of the U.S. Army [2:213-214,165].
Riot Control Agent, CN. Chloroacetophenone. A lacrimator that causes
irritation to the upper respiratory passages and may cause irritations to the
skin. On average, it incapacitates for approximately 3 minutes. Discovered by
the German chemist Graeber in 1869. Replaced for most purposes by CS
[13:19,529].
Riot Control Agent, CR. Dibenz-(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine. Newer riot control
irritant developed in England in 1962 by the British chemists Higginbottom
and Suchitzsky. About 5 times more effective than CS. In addition, CR is
much less toxic than CS. CR is not used in its pure form (a yellow powder) but
dissolved in a solution of 80 parts of propylene glycol and 20 parts of water to
form a 0.1-percent CR solution. It is used in solution as a riot control agent.
Eye pain, discomfort and excessive tearing occur with sometimes painful
sensitivity to strong light or temporary blindness. Symptoms can persist for 15
to 30 minutes. Dubbed "fire gas" by the media because of the burning
sensation it caused to the skin of rioters when used in Northern Ireland from
1973-1974. Authorized U.S. Army use in 1974 [2:180,67,584:59].
Riot Control Agent, CS. Ortho-chlorobenzalmalononitrile was made the?26
standard riot control agent by the Army in 1959. The term "CS" is derived
from the two scientists, B.B. Carson and R.W. Sloughton, who first prepared it
in 1928. First used by U.S. civilian law enforcement in 1968 during the riots in
Washington D.C. While an effective riot control agent, which incapacitates on
average from 5 to 10 minutes, decontamination and cross-contamination is a
considerable problem in urban environments [13:19,82,337].
Riot Control Agent, CS1. Specially formulated to prolong persistency and
increase the effectiveness of CS. Unlike CS, CS1 is a free-flowing
(micropulverized) agent powder consisting of 95-percent crystalline CS
blended with 5-percent silica aerogel. This formulation reduces agglomeration
and achieves the desired respiratory effects when dispersed as a solid aerosol
[584:59].
Riot Control Agent, CS2. CS blended with silicone-treated silica aerogel,
which causes it to repel water. This treatment improves the physical
characteristics of CS by reducing agglomeration and hydrolysis. This form of
CS prolongs the effectiveness for both immediate and surface contamination
effects. When disturbed, CS2 reaerosolizes to cause respiratory and eye
effects. A cloud of waterproofed CS can be kicked up by people walking in
the street or grass two months after it has settled [13:50,584:59].
Riot Control Agent, CSX. A form of CS developed for dissemination as a
liquid rather than as a powder. One gram of powdered CS is dissolved in 99
grams of trioctylphosphite (TOF). As with CS, CSX stings and irritates the
eyes, skin, nose, throat, and lungs of exposed personnel [584:59].
Riot Control Agent, Disperser-Fogger. Conventional insecticide blower
adopted for CS and CN dispensing in Vietnam. Produces a fog-type emission
for up to a 15 minute period. Conceptual basis was to fill Viet Cong tunnel
complexes with large amounts of the CS agent. Another fogger was a
handheld gasoline-operated device which dispenses either CS, CN or inert fog
at 0.7 gallon/hour [2:178,165]. Also known as mighty mite (M-106) and
pepper fogger.
Riot Control Agent, Disperser-Liquid. An Army riot-control agent disperser
visually resembling a man-carried flamethrower. Fully loaded weight is
approx. 55 pounds. Disperses CS mixed with a trioctylphosphate solvent.
[2:178,165]. Also known as liquid stream projector.
Riot Control Agent, Disperser-Powder. Modified Dry-Powder Fire
Extinguisher. Powdered CS and CN dispersal [165].
Riot Control Agent, Grenade Electrically Activated. A riot control grenade
with a male, electrically activated screw-in socket connection in place of a?27
standard fuse. This enables the grenades to be incorporated into electrical
systems, in fixed installations, where they can be activated by a trip device or
switch, at will. This is of special importance in security of buildings, and vital
installations, providing a dependable, economical protective system that can
be locally installed. This system, with variations, is now in use in commercial
security systems, as well as in U.S. government and embassy installations
[2:133].
Riot Control Agent, Grenade-M73A. Army riot control grenade in use prior
to the M47-Type CS Grenade. As of 1992, the M7A3 was still in use because
of technical problems with the M47 [67].
Riot Control Agent, Grenade-M47 CS. Basic riot control grenade employed
by the Army. Its contents are expelled as a vapor from a taped-over port in the
grenade body, causing the grenade to "skitter" around on the ground, making
it difficult for rioters to throw back. As of 1992, it has not seen tactical action
[67].
Riot Control Agent, Homemade Face Filters. Wet rags and other devices
made by prison inmates to counter the effects of riot control agents [385].
Riot Control Agent, Lacrimator. A riot control irritant that will cause blinding
tears upon contact with the eyes [444]. Also see Riot Control Agent, CN.
Riot Control Agent, Launcher-Handy Andy. U.S. Army hand-hold type
throwaway munition consisting of an aluminum tube with a hand-activated
striker in the base. On ignition, the E24 propels a cylindrical rubber projectile
containing 50 grams of CS burning formulation to distances of 70-100 yards
[2:179].
Riot Control Agent, Launcher-Riot Gun. A weapon designed specifically to
fire tear gas munitions of 37-mm diam. [444:2]. Also known as 1 1/2-in gun,
38-mm gun, gas gun, and tear gas launcher.
Riot Control Agent, Mine. An anti-personnel mine filled with a riot control
agent. For perimeter use around detention camps or secured facilities.
Riot Control Agent, OC. Oleoresin Capsicum. A food product obtained from
chili peppers which are dried and ground into a fine powder. When mixed
with an emulsifier such as mineral, vegetable, soy oil or water, it may be
sprayed from a variety of dispensers and used as an irritant for safely
controlling violent persons or vicious animals and/or restoration and
maintenance of order.
Riot Control Agent, Ring Airfoil Grenade-Soft. See Projectile, Ring Airfoil?28
Grenade-Soft.
Riot Control Agent, Sponge Grenade. See Projectile, Sponge Grenade.
Riot Control Agent, Tear Gas-Invisible. Invisible tear-gas clouds are
produced by blast munitions loaded with dust or liquid agents. Invisible tear
gas cannot be seen by rioters once it first emerges from a grenade or
mechanical dispenser and therefore produces a greater psychological
panic-producing effect than tear smoke [2:161-162].
Riot Control Agent, Tear Gas-Visible. Visible tear-gas clouds (tear smoke)
emanate from burning grenades and projectiles. Tear smoke is highly visible
and plainly indicates the area covered to police and rioter alike [2:161-162].?29
II. Nonlethal Weapons Concepts
A. Ethical
Ethical, Biological Weapons Convention [BWC], 1972. This convention
prohibits the development, production, stockpiling or retention of microbial or
biological agents for use as weapons. Would likely preclude the use of
biodegrading microbes [16,508].
Ethical, Blinding Laser Ban, 1995. The Department of Defense prohibits the
use of lasers specifically designed to cause permanent blindness of
unenhanced vision and supports negotiations prohibiting the use of such
weapons. However, laser systems are absolutely vital to our modern military.
Among other things, they are currently used for detection, targeting, range-finding,
communications and target destruction...accidental or incidental eye
injuries may occur on the battlefield as the result of the use of legitimate laser
systems. This prohibition was initiated by the United States in concurrence
with other, mostly Western, nations [457].
Ethical, Certain Conventional Weapons Convention, 1980. Prohibits or
restricts weapons which are deemed to be excessively injurious or to have
indiscriminate effects. Microwave, radio-frequency radiation, and visible light
pulsing at brain-wave frequency may violate this convention [20:49-
54,508:45]. Also known as Inhumane Weapons Convention.
Ethical, Chemical Weapons Convention [CWC], 1993. This convention,
while not in force, precludes the use of toxic chemicals as a method of
warfare. A toxic chemical is one which 'though its chemical action on life
processes can cause death, temporary incapacitation or permanent harm to
humans or animals.' How supercaustics would be interpreted within this
convention is unknown [16,508].
Ethical, Environmental Modification Techniques Ban, 1977. Found in
Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of
Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD). Bans any technique for
changing- through deliberate manipulation of natural processes- the dynamics,
composition or structure of the Earth, including its biota, lithosphere,
hydrosphere and atmosphere, or of outer space which will have widespread,
long-lasting or severe effects as the means of destruction, damage or injury to
any other State Party [20:68-69].
Ethical, Geneva Protocol, 1925. Whereas the use in war of asphyxiating,
poisonous or other gases, and of analogous liquids, materials or devices, has
been justly condemned by the general opinion of the civilized world; and?30
Whereas the prohibition of such use has been declared in Treaties to which the
majority of Powers of the world are Parties; and To the end that this
prohibition shall be universally accepted as part of International Law, binding
alike the conscience and the practice of nations. Extended to bacteriological
methods of warfare. The United States has interpreted the Protocol of 1925 as
not prohibiting the use of riot control agents [20:57-58].
Ethical, New Martyrdom. A potential form of martyrdom arising from the
long-term incapacitation capacity that some nonlethal weapons provide.
Examples are permanently blinding or disrupting the nervous systems of
opposing soldiers. Those living, rather than dead, would represent a new form
of
martyr. References to the horrors of the gassings of the First World War
would undoubtedly be made [149:10-11].
Ethical, Tennessee vs. Garner. A 1985 court case (475 U.S. 1) which held
that the use of deadly force to apprehend an apparently unarmed, nonviolent
fleeing felon is unreasonable seizure under the Fourth Amendment. Stimulated
law enforcement interest in less-than-lethal weapons.
B. Functional
Functional, Bouchon. The complete metal fuze assembly of a diversionary
device or similar grenade, usually consisting of a safety pin, safety "spoon,"
and a percussion type ignition device.
Functional, Deflagrate. To burn; consume; to burn rapidly with intense heat
and dazzling light.
Functional, Deflagrating Canister. A canister which is designed to burst or
burn. When used with a diversionary device, this type of canister is designed
to burst or burn at a low enough pressure to prevent the bouchon from being
thrown.
Functional, Deflagrating Explosive. Any explosive which deflagrates rather
than detonates. Also called a "low" explosive, it is characterized by relatively
slow burning processes with progressive reaction rates and buildup of pressure
which creates a heaving action.
Functional, Deployment Sequence. The first of three functions when a
diversionary device is deployed. It refers to the manner and place in which a
diversionary device is deployed. See also Functional, Ignition Sequence and
Functional, Firing Sequence.
Functional, Detonate. To explode violently and noisily; also called a "high"?31
explosive it is characterized by very rapid chemical reactions, thus causing
tremendously high pressure and brisance (shattering action).
Functional, Detonating Explosive. Any explosive which detonates rather than
deflagrates. Also called a "high" explosive, it is characterized by very rapid
chemical reactions, thus causing tremendously high pressure and brisance
(shattering action).
Functional, Firing Sequence. The second of three functions when a
diversionary device is deployed. It refers to the mechanical action of the
bouchon, (fuze assembly). See also Functional, Deployment Sequence and
Functional, Ignition Sequence.
Functional, Fuse. A narrow tube filled with combustible material, or a wick
saturated with such material, for setting off an explosive charge. A
pyrotechnic device which serves as the initiator to an explosive charge (e.g.
M-3A1, friction type fuse).
Functional, Fuze. Any of various devices for detonating bombs, projectiles,
or explosive charges. A mechanical device used as the initiator to an explosive
charge (e.g. M-201A1, percussion type fuze).
Functional, Hybrids. Weapons that can be switched from "lethal" to
"nonlethal" by a simple mechanism, having multiple barrels, or using
ammunition which can be switched at launch (single barrel, lightened logistic
chain) [529].
Functional, Ignition. Setting a thing on fire, to cause something to burn.
Functional, Ignition Sequence. The third of three functions when a
diversionary device is deployed. It refers to the events which take place during
the burning of the charge. See also Functional, Deployment Sequence and
Functional, Firing Sequence.
C. Operational
Operational, Brevity Code. A one or two word phrase which, when
transmitted on a radio, carries a much larger meaning. Used to keep
transmission time to a minimum without unduly tying up valuable "air time."
Usually repeated twice to ensure understanding.
Operational, Denial System. Components of a security system that prevent an
intruder or adversary from completing an intrusive hostile act on a fixed sight
[359].?32
Operational, Dirty Battlefield. A battlefield operational environment in which
civilians and other noncombatants are mixed in with combatants [56].
Operational, Environmental Warfare. A form of attack based on purposeful
environmental degradation by a state or non-state group against an opponent.
An early example would be the salting of the fields of Carthage by the
Romans. The most recent example would be the blowing up of 732 oil wells in
Kuwait and the releasing of oil into the Persian Gulf by Iraq in 1991.
Operational, Immediate Action Drill. Any action, technique or procedure
which is initiated by an event rather than a signal [5].
Operational, Lethal-Nonlethal Coordination. A process by which hardkill
and softkill weapons are made to enhance the effects of one another rather
than degrade each others' performance. Applied to the defensive systems of a
warship [570].
Operational, Long Term Disablement. The outcome of the application of
nonlethal force that affects the opponent beyond duration of the confrontation
or conflict. Blinding, maiming or psychologically deranging the opponent
represent forms of long term disablement. This form of disablement burdens a
society and is anathema to the Western definition of nonlethality.
Operational, Mobile Security System. Area/fixed site denial or delay systems
that are portable, leveraging on nonlethal technology and minimal installation
costs [402].
Operational, Mobile Tactics. A procedure used against rioters in which an
anti-riot team is embarked on vehicles, rapidly driven near rioters, whereupon
they quickly disembark and rush toward the crowd, followed by another team
which repeats the procedure and exploits the momentum gained by the
original team.
Operational, Nonlethal-Lethal Effect. A nonlethal attack which purposefully
sets up an opposing soldier or vehicle for a fatal attack. Example, a soldier
struck to the ground by a stick'em' and then shot by a conventional round or
killed by an artillery barrage.
Operational, Nonlethal Weapons, Non-Western. Weapons which are
designed to cause long-term disablement to military personnel and civilians.
These weapons may be employed by either non-state forces or non-Western
nation-states. Forms of nonlethal non-Western weapons include blinding
lasers, disease organisms, and genetic alteration [149:3].
Operational, Nonlethal Weapons, Western. Weapons that are explicitly?33
designed and primarily employed so as to incapacitate personnel or materiel,
while minimizing fatalities, permanent injury to personnel, and undesired
damage to property and the environment. Unlike conventional lethal weapons
that destroy their targets principally through blast, penetration and
fragmentation, non-lethal weapons employ means other than gross physical
destruction to prevent the target from functioning. Non-lethal weapons are
intended to have one, or both, of the following characteristics: a. they have
relatively reversible effects on personnel or materiel, b. they affect objects
differently within their area of influence [229:1-2].
Operational, Passive Deterrents. A genre of nonlethal weapons that does not
affect the physiology of the target individual. Includes dyes, personal alarms,
and scent sprays.
Operational, Rules of Engagement [ROEs]. Generally, rules that provide
implementation guidance on actions to exercise 1. the inherent right and
obligation of self-defense and 2. the application of force for mission
accomplishment by national/multinational military forces in international not
domestic situations. The many boundaries to ROE's include international laws
and treaties, national policy and custom. Standing Rules of Engagement refer
to those generally intended for all situations, but tailored ROE's for specific
situations may augment those standing rules. This is a general, not legal,
description.
Operational, Second Order Effect. A nonlethal attack ultimately resulting in
an unintentional death. For example, a pilot, blinded by a laser unable to
safely land his or her aircraft or a patient dies because the power to an
incubator or iron long in a hospital is cut off due to the destruction of a power
plant.
Operational, Short Term Disablement. A form of disablement which has
relatively reversible effects on personnel or
materiel [230:1].
Operational, Tailored Weaponry. Alternative, and likely more accurate, term
for nonlethal weaponry. Such weaponry is qualitatively advanced over
traditional firearms and munitions because it allows for precision control over
the application of politico-military force. Rather than killing (100% force) or
not-killing (0% force) an opponent these weapons offer new capabilities in the
1-99% range between no action and lethal force.
D. Physiological
Physiological, Acetylcholine Effect. The temporary effect an organism
experiences after long periods of high stress, characterized by a total?34
emotional surrender. Derived from an overabundance of the compound
acetylcholine which is active in the transmission of nerve impulses.
Physiological, Diversion. A diversion which acts directly on a person by
affecting one or more of the five senses.
Physiological, Impulse Noise. Noise which lasts less than one second.
Physiological, Lag Time. The physiological time lag which occurs between
the time a stimulus is perceived until the body responds. In a healthy, well-rested
human, this takes about three-quarters of a second.
Physiological, Rhodopsin. A purplish protein pigment, contained in the rods
of the retina, that is transformed by the action of light and is necessary for
vision in dim light.
Physiological, Sensory Overload. A temporary inability of an organism to
correctly interpret and appropriately respond to life's stimuli because of the
volume of input.
Physiological, Ulster Techniques. Psychophysiological techniques employed
by the British in Northern Ireland based on sensory deprivation which can lead
to long-lasting post-traumatic neurosis. Methods used included hooding,
masking noise, wall standing, inadequate diet, sleep deprivation and some
physical brutality [532].
E. Theoretical
Theoretical, Environmental Security. The recognition that the natural
environment in which humans exist must be protected for their continued
benefit. Because of the magnitude of many environmental problems, they
require regional not national level solutions.
Theoretical, Fourth Epoch War. Strategic level theory of war utilizing an
energy paradigm of Western civilization. The magnitude of change forecast is
equivalent in scale to the Dark Ages, 378-732, and the European Renaissance,
1346-1648. During these transformations a new energy source is demonstrated
on the battlefield, the dominant polity form "fails," the non-state soldier
achieves dominance on the battlefield, crime and war blur, a new economy
emerges, social classes shift, and advanced forms of battlespace and weaponry
develop [633:23-25].
Theoretical, Fourth Generation Warfare. Operational level theory of warfare
which views military change based upon advances in either technology or
ideas. The emerging "idea based" fourth generation is thought to be based on?35
terrorism and low intensity conflict [633:19-21].
Theoretical, MTR. A military technical revolution was declared by the Soviets
to be taking place back in the 1980s. This revolution is based on emerging
technologies, electronic and information systems and non-nuclear deep strike
munitions, and will qualitatively alter the conduct of future war. The MTR is
the conceptual forerunner to the revolution in military affairs (RMA) [640:2].
See also Theoretical, RMA.
Theoretical, New Gunpowder Revolution. The perception that the wide scale
application of nonlethal technology on the battlefield will be as significant as
the fielding of gunpowder based firearms during the European Renaissance
[149:9].
Theoretical, Nonlethality. The theory that overwhelming nonlethal force
could be used to defeat lethal force [418:24].
Theoretical, Post-Engine, Mechanical, Energy. For more advanced forms of
nonlethal weaponry such as lasers and acoustics to properly function post-engine
(mechanical) forms of energy will be required [149:7]. See also
Theoretical, Fourth Epoch War.
Theoretical, RMA. Revolution in Military Affairs. Operational level theory
which views military technical, doctrinal, and force structure changes now
taking place equivalent in magnitude to the 1920's and 1930's when armored
warfare, strategic bombing, and amphibious and carrier operations developed.
The RMA is generally accepted by the U.S. Armed Forces and Office of Net
Assessment [640].
Theoretical, RPMA. Fourth Epoch War theory perception that a revolution in
political and military affairs (RPMA) is taking place. Far larger than a
revolution in military affairs (RMA), this historical transition will result in the
eventual demise of the nation-state, the blurring of crime and war, and the rise
of new competing polity forms [633]. See also Theoretical, Fourth Epoch
War.
Theoretical, Sixth Generation Warfare. Soviet (Russian) view of future
warfare based upon faulty historical modeling which does not differentiate
between strategic and operational level change. The current military
revolution is said to be equivalent in magnitude to the 1920s & 1930s or the
1950s & 1960s. Attributes of the new form of warfare developing will include
the ascendancy of aerospace operations, the growing importance of electronic
warfare and the computerization of armed combat [634]. See also Theoretical,
MTR.?36
Theoretical, Third Wave War. Theory of future war modeled on "waves" of
economic based civilizations. First wave civilizations are agricultural, second
wave civilizations are industrial and emerging third wave civilizations are
informational. Future warfare will be informational based with the Gulf War
representing the first of these conflicts. Magnitude of current change now
taking place viewed as equivalent to that of the Industrial Revolution [633:21-
23].
Theoretical, Twenty-First Century Politico-Military Force Matrix. Nonlethal
technology, when coupled with traditional forms of lethal weaponry, allow for
the application of short-term incapacitation, long-term incapacitation, and
deadly force against the physical and mental/perceptual attributes of human
targets and the hardware and software attributes of machine targets. This
advanced form of politico-military force application can be expressed in a
matrix [149:4].
Theoretical, War, Clausewitzian. A struggle between nation-states or their
coalitions over the preservation and extension of national sovereignty.
Theoretical, War, Post-Clausewitzian. A struggle between competing forms
of social and political organization over which the eventual successor to the
nation-state will be built [633:27].
Theoretical, Weapons of Mass Protection. Nonlethal, antilethal, and
information warfare weapons [418:16].?37
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Technology Center Bulletin, 1-6 |
 
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