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New!! FuSkizoPsy-Ops-08 or what? 
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This is the new homepage of the artist Charles Mingus III. The site aims to show works created by him and other artists.Note: This site is under construction and will be updated & changed on a regular basis. Please enjoy it and check back frequently. Art tech politics http://charlesmingus3.com/ or http://charlesmingus3ART.com/ access to bookmarkable pages jump to the mirror click this and save to favorits http://mingus.charlesmingus3art.com/home-_2.html Old Pol Art homepage http://thegiganticheartlessmultinationalcorporation.com/ That one is 4 web sites in one (at least) http://mingus.charlesmingus3art.com/sitemap-_87.html http://charlesmingus3art.com/my-art--_16.html
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Have you ever seen this page?
http://www.uawinfo.com/UAWINFO_HHO_GAS/uawinfo1.htm
2. Submitted by StopLying on Tue, 07/17/2007 - 10:27am. Richard Gage http://www.911blogger.com/node/10025
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Neither Charles Mingus III, charlesmingus3.com, nor any of their affiliated or related companies, nor any of the employees, agents, content providers or licensors of any of them, makes any representation or warranty of any kind regarding Charlesmingus3.com, the content, or information provided on charlesmingus3.com and or the results that may be obtained from use of charlesmingus3.com. or the content. Charlesmingus3.com and its affiliates are not responsible or liable for content provided by third parties, or for any damage to, or virus that might infect any computer equipment or other property.Charlesmingus3.com contains facts, views, opinions, statements, and recommendations of Charles Mingus III, as well as third parties. Charlesmingus3.com does not represent or endorse the accuracy, currentness, or reliability of any advise, opinions, statement, or information displayed, uploaded or distributed through charlesmingus3.com. Any reliance upon such opinion, advice,Statement, or information is at your sole risk.In no event shall charlesmingus3.com, Charles Mingus III, or their affiliates, employees, agents, content providers, or licensors be liable for any indirect, consequential, special, incidental, or punitive damages related to the content or any errors or omissions in the content.
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#2. _____Forwarded Message_____Sent: Jan 5, 2008 12:49 PM
-----To: 911 ALL Subject: RICHARD GAGE OF AE911TRUTH RESPONDS TO THE SLANDER OF MARK WEITZMAN OF THE SIMON WEISENTHAL CENTER
BRAVO RICHARD! BRAVO RICHARD! http://www.911blogger.com/node/12914
AE911Truth Response to Mark Weitzman of the Simon Wiesenthal Center Submitted by ae911truth on Mon, 12/10/2007 - 6:27am.
Simon Wiesenthal Center www.AE911Truth.org
This official response was e-mailed and mailed via the U.S. Post Office to Mark Weitzman (certified) and the noted individuals in the CC.Thank you to all for your support regarding this matter. Note and FYI: Mark Weitzman's response e-mail regarding this matter that was forwarded to us last month is posted below our letter. This response has also been posted on our website on the front page: www.ae911truth.org
December 8, 2007
Mr. Mark Weitzman Simon Wiesenthal Center 1399 South Roxbury Drive Los Angeles, California 90035 310.553.9036 310.553.4521 (fax)
50 East 42nd Street, Suite 1600 New York, NY 10017 212.370.0320 212.883.0895 (fax)
Via: Certified US Mail & Email:
Re: SWC testimony 11/6/07 before the Homeland Security Subcommittee on Intelligence, Information Sharing, and Terrorism Risk Assessment
Dear Mr. Weitzman,
Thank you for responding in your email form letter to a couple of the many important concerns raised recently by other members of the 9/11 Truth & Justice Movement to your presentation at the House Committee on Homeland Security - "Using The Web As A Weapon: The Internet As A Tool For Violent Radicalization And Homegrown Terrorism" on 11/6/07 before Representative Jane Harman. Your clarifications, however, offer no correction or retraction for the irresponsible and false statement "Incubator of 9/11 Conspiracies and Disinformation" the heading that you placed over our science-based website "AE911Truth.org" Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth, which bears my name, Richard Gage, AIA, an architect of 20 years.
Also, you made no apology, explanation, or correction for your words which you stated precisely during the time in which you displayed the 911sharethetruth.com and AE911Truth.org websites:
"And then finally we end with a site that literally talks about the bombing of - 'soon, soon, soon the attack on Manhattan'."
This part of your presentation can be reviewed at the 45:50 mark in the video located at: http://homeland.edgeboss.net/wmedia/homeland/chs/internetterror.wvx
The C-SPAN Archive version of the video is in two parts. The sentence above occurs at the 28:20 mark of the second portion of C-SPAN's version.i
I am aware of no page on our site ever having contained this sentence or any sentence like it. Our staff has researched the matter, and the phrase appears nowhere on our site, nor was it found by an internet search. Curiously enough, we find the phrase only whenyou are being quoted.
I am aware of no page on our site ever having contained this sentence or any sentence like it. Our staff has researched the matter, and the phrase appears nowhere on our site, nor was it found by an internet search. Curiously enough, we find the phrase only when you are being quoted.
The clear implication is that our website promotes "conspiracies", "disinformation", and since you sandwiched it between violent Jihad militant training type websites "terrorism" too. A brief review of our website shows that it simply contains science_based facts and questions regarding the destruction of the WTC Twin Towers and Building 7 as well as a petition listing over 800 signatories, including more than 230 well_respected architects and engineers who are demanding a real investigation of these building "collapses" based upon the clear evidence presented in our website.
For your information, since you have obviously not taken the time to review the website before defaming it, this evidence of the controlled demolition of the three WTC high_rises includes careful documentation of these facts:
The destruction occurred with rapid onset, at virtually free_fall speed, and with radial symmetry.
One hundred eighteen first responders described hearing, seeing and feeling explosions and seeing flashes of light at the onset of destruction.The concrete floors were almost completely pulverized into dust and gravel.
The structural steel framework was largely dismembered into shippable lengths. Much of it was hurled outside the Twin Towers' perimeters, some as far as 500 feet away.
Tons of molten metal were seen by FDNY and others, and was described as "flowing like lava" for weeks after 9/11, yet its existence was denied by NIST.
FEMA documented structural steel samples showing evidence of rapid oxidation, sulfidation, intergranular melting, and partial evaporation features which occur only with temperatures at least 1,000° F. hotter than office or jet fuel fires.
Proven chemical evidence of thermate, an incendiary material which produces molten iron as its by_product, found on the columns and beams, previously molten metal, and iron_rich micro_spheres in the dust by Dr. Steven Jones (and corroborated by the USGS but never explained).
These features are characteristic of controlled demolitions, and not office or jet fuel fires. Of course, the 47_story WTC Building 7 was not even hit by an airplane and yet its unnatural destruction exhibits all the same features except it imploded into its own footprint in 6.5 seconds!
Maybe now you understand why our membership of architects, engineers, and other building professionals, who are all calling for a science_based forensic investigation which has yet to be performed is growing exponentially! We ask SWC for nothing less than the tolerance it espouses so well.
And yet you have made the egregiously false statements noted above in public, on television, and to Congress about us. These statements have the clear potential to inflict serious damage to my reputation, my standing in the community, and my career, as well as each of our 230 architects and engineers and other distinguished members.
I and the members of Http://www.911Truth.org therefore demand a retraction of these false, defamatory, outrageous and insulting statements that you made in the scope of your duties at the SWC. This retraction must be thorough and exculpatory, exceeding the scope of your original publication(s), lest it be ineffective and meaningless. We at Http://www.911Truth.org demand a formal apology from SWC for having displayed our website at all in your Homeland Security presentation.
Your timely apology must be sent to (and aired on) C_Span, to Rep. Jane Harman, and all congressional representatives and others in attendance. It must be posted on the SWC. And it must explain your motives in making the publication and the retraction.
Our constitutional republic was founded upon the fundamental right to ask questions, demand answers, and to seek truth and justice. This is all that we in the 9/11 truth movement are seeking. Of all people and of all organizations, you and the Simon Wiesenthal Center, who highlight the virtue of tolerance, should be honoring our right to ask these questions, not branding us as terrorists. Your behavior reeks of the McCarthyism of the 1950's, and is totally unacceptable to me, our members, and all Americans who cherish the first Amendment.
Regarding the anti_Semitism noted in your email form letter: We, too, abhor bigotry in all its forms, and have distanced ourselves from those few who engage in it. But anti_Semitism has nothing to do with our website or the science of the destruction of the three WTC high_rise buildings on 9/11 to which it is dedicated. The scientific method is non_partisan, apolitical, and a transparent process. Scientists defend their positions in public based on accepted, defensible processes. While reports put forth by the government and others have labored in vain to explain away the massive scientific evidence for controlled demolition left behind in the rubble, the witness testimony, and the videos, we at AE911Truth.org have simply collected, assembled, and structured it in a way which enables everyone to understand it easily.
Simon Wiesenthal was a paragon for seeking the truth, however hard and difficult it might be. The SWC should be honoring our right to publish technical information and encourage fact based forensic inquiry into the three largest structural failures in U.S. history not branding us inciters of terrorism.
Tolerance arises from understanding, and understanding from direct experience. In this light we would like to meet with you and your board and staff to present to you the specific concerns documented on AE911Truth.org regarding the basic science of these "collapses". We would like to learn from you what you perceive as so threatening so as to deem it necessary to "warn" Congress about us. By understanding each other's concerns, we will strengthen our mutual resolve to work toward the creation of a more truthful and tolerant society.
We reserve all rights, and communicate to you without any prejudice to any rights. We are ready to move forward. Please let us know the best time to meet. We can assemble in your New York or Los Angeles office.
Sincerely,
[signature]
Richard Gage, AIA, Architect
For the 800 members of Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth
(signed copy to Commission)
cc:
Jane Harman (CA_36)
Dave Reichert (WA_8)
Bennie Thompson (MS_2)
Mike Honda, (CA_15)
Dianne Feinstein (CA)
Barbara Boxer (CA)
Testimony and prepared statements for the hearing:
http://homeland.house.gov/hearings/index.asp?ID=102
From: Mark Weitzman
To: [e_mail protected]
Sent: Fri, 16 Nov 2007 6:54 am
Subject: RE: 9/11 truth has nothing to do with conspiracy theories
Dear Ms. F.....,
Over the past few days I have received a number of emails regarding my testimony to the House Committee on Homeland Security. Much of those emails appear to have been based on misapprehensions of my testimony. My testimony was about "the Internet as a tool for violent radicalization", and not about 9/11. My reference to 9/11 consisted of 1 sentence out of 6 pages of testimony, and in that sentence (with 2 out of 38 accompanying Power Point slides) I referenced "how 9/11 is viewed in some eyes, including those who applauded it as well as some conspiracy sites." I then continue by illustrating the types of conspiracy theories often found online, such as those based upon of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, the infamous antisemitic text, or that generally blame the US government in a pernicious manner (i.e. for intentionally spreading the AIDS virus), or that have the "entire Western World engaged in a conspiracy against Islam" Nowhere in there is there any mention of 9/11! In this regard our only concern with 9/11 is when the inquiries slide into incubators for hate (i.e. "This fake Hamas soldier wearing a "Star of David" is as much a Zionist as the 9_11 terrorists Chertoff covers for. Chertoff is the son of a terrorist himself. Don't let him off the hook!").
Finally, in my recommendations, I never urged any type of censorship. In fact, I specifically state that (#5) that any steps taken in regard to the Internet must be done legally, and over the course of a decade in dealing with this issue I have consistently stressed that the First Amendment must be maintained in the virtual as well as the real world. I have even argued that in conferences in Europe when attempts were being made to impose international controls on the Internet, saying, as I did last year in Berlin that we should "avoid getting bogged down in a useless debate on the First Amendment" because we (in the US) are not going to erase it, nor should we. Please feel free to share this with any interested parties.
Sincerely,
Mark Weitzman
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Richard Gage, AIA, Architect - "How The Towers Fell" - Complete 2 Hour Presentation
Entries in this section are created by individual users who register with this site and are largely unmoderated. Content in this section should not be interpreted as being supported by 911blogger.com, or by any other members of this site, and should only be viewed as a posting of the individual who created it. Please contact a team member if you notice a post which violates our general rules.
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# 1.
It's too upsetting? It's too graphic?
You know what, you media cowards? These barbarians are out to kill us, to take away our God-given rights, to beat us into submission, to weary us until we give up - and YOU'RE letting them. YOU'RE aiding them.
Don't EVER forget what happened six years ago:
On September 11, 2001, at Barksdale Air Force Base, President Bush concluded his brief statement with
The resolve of our great nation is being tested. But make no mistake: We will show the world that we will pass this test. God bless.
Yes. We were and are being tested. President Bush said we would pass this test, and I suppose in some ways we have - life has gone on, our economy has recovered, elections have been held as usual, our citizens do not live in terror.
But our resolve - most particularly that of the lunatic left - has faltered and become unfocused. The Main Stream Media would prefer to support and empathize with terrorists, publish sensitive material about national security, and excoriate and second-guess our Commander in Chief. Organizations like Code Pink and MoveOn -dot- org accuse our military leaders of lying for President Bush, yet they claim that they support our troops. Democratic leaders of Congress claim we have lost the way, that the surge has failed, and that the war - the one THEY VOTED FOR - is illegal.
Yeah, guys, I question your patriotism. I question your integrity. I question your love for this country.
I despise your weak willed and disruptive waffling (and I am including Republicans in this), and your quest for power and influence at the expense of securing our borders and truly supporting our military personnel and their mission. You disgust me, and your actions shame our proud and brave heritage. You are an embarrassment to the heroes who have sacrificed their lives to defend this country and promote freedom.
Who was it that said, "First, we hang all the lawyers"? He ought to have said "politicians"!
UPDATE: Misha, as always, expresses my sentiments far better and more eloquently than I could here:
Later that evening, as the full realization of what had just happened had finally sunk in, the Empress and I were holding each other tight and it struck me (she was very very pregnant with the Royal Heirs back then): “Our children will never know the world we grew up in. To them, the pre-9/11 world simply won’t exist.”
And I resolved, right then and there, that I would never rest, I would never be satisfied until every last motherfucking son of a syphilitic Moongod-worshipping goat had been annihilated so that our boys could live in a world where sick fanatics DIDN’T use civilian airliners as cruise missiles.
And I will stay true to that until I die. This isn’t over until every single Asshole for Allah and everybody who has ever muttered as much as a sympathetic word about them is dead and rotting, if I have to kill the swine myself.
There will be no forgetting, there will be no forgiving until they’re dead. All of them. Wipe them out, erase every single memory of them and make it a capital offense to as much as mention their names without immediately spitting.
Then wipe out their offspring, their friends, their pets, their cities, their villages, their holy sites, ANYTHING that might remind people that they ever were.
THEN I will be at peace, not before.
Amen, my brother. Amen, indeed.
And just as a wee small sample of the "character" of our enemies...
It may have been six years ago, but I will never forget.
I will never forget who was responsible. I will never forget the ideology which promoted this atrocity. I will never forget the inhumanity of these murders.
I will not forget those who are apologists for Islamic terrorism.
If I did, the ghosts of the 3,000 killed that day and those of our brave soldiers who gave their all to the fight would rise up and condemn me.
NEVER FORGET!!!
(Thank you, Ward, for reminding me of this video)
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From: KALMUSKASS@aol.com Date: Sat, 5 Jan 2008 18:21:30 -0500 Subject: Fwd: A GERMAN'S POINT OF VIEW ON ISLAM To: ************** Start the year off right. Easy ways to stay in shape. http://body.aol.com/fitness/winter-exercise?NCID=aolcmp00300000002489 --Forwarded Message Attachment-- Date: Sat, 5 Jan 2008 13:53:32 -0800 To: kenmozo@earthlink.net From: kenmozo@earthlink.net Subject: A GERMAN'S POINT OF VIEW ON ISLAM
A GERMAN'S POINT OF VIEW ON ISLAM A man whose family was German aristocracy prior to World War II owned a number of large industries and estates. When asked how many German people were true Nazis, the answer he gave should guide our attitude toward fanaticism. "Very few people were true Nazis," he said, "but many enjoyed the return of German pride, and many more were too busy to care. I was one of those who just thought the Nazis were a bunch of fools. So, the majority just sat back and let it all happen. Then, before we knew it, they owned us, we had lost control, and the end of the world had come. My family lost everything. I ended up in a concentration camp and the Allies destroyed my factories." These days, "so-called experts and political talking heads" tell us repeatedly that Islam is the religion of peace, and that the vast majority of Muslims just want to live in peace. Although this unqualified assertion may be true, it is entirely irrelevant. It is meaningless fluff, meant to make us feel better, and meant somehow to diminish the specter of fanatics rampaging across the globe in the name of Islam. The fact is that the fanatics rule Islam at this moment in history. It is the fanatics who march. It is the fanatics who wage any one of 50 shooting wars worldwide. It is the fanatics who systematically slaughter Christian or tribal groups throughout Africa and are gradually taking over the entire continent in an Islamic wave. It is the fanatics who bomb, behead, murder or honor kill. It is the fanatics that take over mosque after mosque. It is the fanatics who zealously spread the stoning and hanging of rape victims and homosexuals. The hard quantifiable fact is that the "peaceful majority," the "silent majority," is cowed and extraneous. Communist Russia was comprised of Russians who just wanted to live in peace, yet the Russian Communists were responsible for the murder of about 20 million people. The peaceful majority were irrelevant. China's huge population was peaceful as well, but Chinese Communists managed to kill a staggering 70 million people. The average Japanese individual prior to World War II was not a warmongering sadist. Yet, Japan murdered and slaughtered its way across South East Asia in an orgy of killing that included the systematic murder of 12 million Chinese civilians; most killed by sword, shovel and bayonet. And, who can forget Rwanda, which collapsed into butchery. Could it not be said that the majority of Rwandans were "peace loving"? History lessons are often incredibly simple and blunt, yet for all our powers of reason, we often miss the most basic and uncomplicated of points: Peace-loving Muslims have been made irrelevant by their silence. Peace-loving Muslims will become our enemy if they do not speak up, because like my friend from Germany, they will awaken one day and find that the fanatics own them, and the end of their world will have begun. Peace-loving Germans, Japanese, Chinese, Russians, Rwandans, Serbs, Afghanis, Iraqis, Palestinians, Somalis, Nigerians, Algerians, and many others have died because the peaceful majority did not speak up until it was too late. As for us who watch it all unfold; we must pay attention to the only group that counts; the fanatics who threaten our way of life. Lastly, at the risk of offending, anyone who doubts that the issue is serious and just deletes this email without sending it on is contributing to the passiveness that allows the problems to expand. So, extend yourself a bit and send this on and on and on. Let us hope that thousands, world wide, read this - think about it - and then send it on. -- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Ken Rubin Garden Wall Graphics 818-508-9028 land 818-631-9028 air www.gardenwallgraphics.com
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the www ED: nor CM3 nor any person acting on behalf of CM3 or the CM3ART is responsible for the use which might be made of this information© CM3, CM3ART 2008
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http://www.dailykos.com/storyonly/2007/12/12/19210/608/933/420107 Be well CM3
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A picture is worth a thousand words.
THOUGHT YOU MIGHT ENJOY THIS. Makes you stop and think.
This original guy who sent these said "I've never really given this any thought whatsoever, but it's rather dazzling to see it presented this way. "
I re-titled the pictures in bold larger type So-called Jupiter & Saturn
 "Our"sun.

I certainly thought this was enlightening. It's a big universe. "Whear is your Heaven & God Now?" "Our" Suns Family.
 Hopefully these illustrations will end all the lies fantasies and myths of Astrology and other religions false "insights" and stop the waste of time dreaming of other than life and the big picture down here on earth. Where for the last 5,000 years 8 out of 10 live on less than $1.a day in bear subsistence while 2% fantasize they are cultured, civilized and rich "no one is free until all are free." Frederick Douglas
 Fat Chance Antares is the 15th brightest star in the sky. It is more than 1000 light years away. ... so . how significant should we really be feeling, right about now?
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Ex Africa semper aliquid novi. (There is always something new out of Africa.) --Pliny the Elder (AD 23-79)
http://africascience.blogspot.com/2007_07_01_archive.html

The Least Among Us By NIALL FERGUSON Skip to next paragraph THE BOTTOM BILLION Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About It. By Paul Collier.
205 pp. Oxford University Press. $28. It is perhaps a sign of how far sub-Saharan Africa still has to go that the most vigorous — and certainly the best publicized — debate about its economic future in recent years has been between two American economists based in New York. On one side of the argument is Jeffrey D. Sachs, the director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University and the author of “The End of Poverty.” On the other is William Easterly of New York University, whose ironically titled “White Man’s Burden” lampoons Sachs as a modern version of a 19th-century utopian.
There is indeed something faintly Victorian about Sachs’s messianic yet parsimonious conviction that Africa can be saved with $75 billion a year in Western aid. Having spent so much of his energies in the 1990s extolling the virtues of the free market to any Eastern European government that would listen, Sachs now argues — with equally unshakable conviction — that the elimination of African poverty can be achieved through state planning. All governments need do is improve agricultural technology, provide antimalaria bed nets, treat diseases like hookworm and distribute antiretroviral treatments to the H.I.V.-infected.
At times, he is rather reminiscent of Dickens’s Mrs. Jellyby in “Bleak House,” “a lady of very remarkable strength of character, who ... has devoted herself to an extensive variety of public subjects, at various times, and is at present (until something else attracts her) devoted to the subject of Africa; with a view to the general cultivation of the coffee berry — and the natives.” In Easterly’s opinion, the present generation of white philanthropists is no more likely than earlier ones to succeed in a self-appointed (and at times unwittingly imperial) mission of enlightening the Dark Continent.
Now comes another white man, ready to shoulder the burden of saving Africa: Paul Collier, the director of the Center for the Study of African Economies at Oxford University. A former World Bank economist like Easterly, Collier shares his onetime colleague’s aversion to what he calls the “headless heart” syndrome — meaning the tendency of people in rich countries to approach Africa’s problems with more emotion than empirical evidence. It was Collier who pointed out that nearly two-fifths of Africa’s private wealth is held abroad, much of it in Swiss bank accounts. It was he who exposed the British charity Christian Aid for commissioning dubious Marxist research on free trade. And it was he who pioneered a new and unsentimental approach to the study of civil wars, demonstrating that most rebels in sub-Saharan Africa are not heroic freedom fighters but self-interested brigands.
Collier is certainly much closer to Easterly on the question of aid. (He cites a recent survey that tracked money released by the Chad Ministry of Finance to help rural health clinics. Less than 1 percent reached the clinics.) Yet “The Bottom Billion” proves to be a far more constructive work than “The White Man’s Burden.” Like Sachs, Collier believes rich countries really can do something for Africa. But it involves more — much more — than handouts.
Collier’s title refers to the 980 million people living in what he calls “trapped countries,” those that are “clearly heading toward what might be described as a black hole.” Not all these people are Africans. Some live in Bolivia, Myanmar, Cambodia, Haiti, Laos, North Korea and Yemen. But 70 percent of the bottom billion live in Africa, and there is good reason to expect that proportion to rise.
The notion of the bottom billion matters because most of today’s development strategies (for example, the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals) focus much less discriminatingly on all developing economies — what used to be called “the third world.” But the world is no longer (as it used to be) one-sixth rich and five-sixths poor. Thanks to explosive growth in Asia, it will soon be more like one-sixth rich, two-thirds O.K. and one-sixth poor. It is this last group, according to Collier, that we need to worry about. Average life expectancy for the bottom billion is just 50 years. Around one in seven children dies before the age of 5.
Collier’s is a better book than either Sachs’s or Easterly’s for two reasons. First, its analysis of the causes of poverty is more convincing. Second, its remedies are more plausible.
There are, he suggests, four traps into which really poor countries tend to fall. The first is civil war. Nearly three-quarters of the people in the bottom billion, Collier points out, have recently been through, or are still in the midst of, a civil war. Such wars usually drag on for years and have economically disastrous consequences. Congo (formerly Zaire, formerly the Belgian Congo) would need 50 years of peace at its present growth rate to get back to the income level it had in 1960. Unfortunately, there is a vicious circle, because the poorer a country becomes, the more likely it is to succumb to civil war (“halve the ... income of the country and you double the risk of civil war” is a characteristic Collier formulation). And once you’ve had one civil war, you’re likely to have more: “Half of all civil wars are postconflict relapses.”
Why, aside from their poverty, have so many sub-Saharan countries become mired in internal conflict? Collier has spent years trying to answer this question, and his conclusions are central to this book. Civil war, it turns out, has nothing much to do with the legacy of colonialism, or income inequality, or the political repression of minorities. Three things turn out to increase the risk of conflict: a relatively high proportion of young, uneducated men; an imbalance between ethnic groups, with one tending to outnumber the rest; and a supply of natural resources like diamonds or oil, which simultaneously encourages and helps to finance rebellion.
It was in fact Collier who first came up with the line “diamonds are a guerrilla’s best friend,” and a substantial part of this book concerns itself with what economists like to call the “resource curse,” his No. 2 trap. As he sees it, the real problem about being a poor country with mineral wealth, like Nigeria, is that “resource rents make democracy malfunction”; they give rise to “a new law of the jungle of electoral competition ... the survival of the fattest.” Resource-rich countries don’t need to levy taxes, so there is little pressure for government accountability, and hence fewer checks and balances.
Countries don’t get to choose their resource endowment, of course; nor do they get to choose their location. Trap No. 3 is that landlocked countries are economically handicapped, because they are dependent on their neighbors’ transportation systems if they want to trade. Yet this is a minor handicap compared with Trap No. 4: bad governance. Collier has no time for those who still seek to blame Africa’s problems on European imperialists. As he puts it bluntly: “President Robert Mugabe must take responsibility for the economic collapse in Zimbabwe since 1998, culminating in inflation of over 1,000 percent a year.”
If these four things are the main causes of extreme poverty in Africa and elsewhere, what can the rich countries do? Clearly we can’t relocate Chad or rid Nigeria of its oil fields. Nor, Collier argues, can we rely on our standard remedies of aid or trade, without significant modifications. As a general rule, aid tends to retard the growth of the labor-intensive export industries that are a poor country’s most effective engine of growth. And much aid gets diverted into military spending. As for emergency relief, all too often it arrives in the wrong quantity at the wrong time, flooding into postconflict zones when no adequate channels exist to allocate it.
Trade, too, is not a sufficient answer. The problem is that Asia has eaten Africa’s lunch when it comes to exploiting low wage costs. Once manufacturing activity started to relocate to Asia, African economies simply got left behind. Now, to stand any chance of survival, African manufacturers need some temporary protection from Asian competition. So long as rich countries retain tariffs to shelter their own manufacturers from cut-price Asian imports, they should exempt products from bottom billion countries.
This, however, is not the most heretical of Collier’s prescriptions. Reflecting on the tendency of postconflict countries to lapse back into civil war, he argues trenchantly for occasional foreign interventions in failed states. What postconflict countries need, he says, is 10 years of peace enforced by an external military force. If that means infringing national sovereignty, so be it.
At a time when the idea of humanitarian intervention is selling at a considerable discount, this is a vital insight. (One recent finding by Collier and his associates, not reproduced here, is that until recently, former French colonies in Africa were less likely than other comparably poor countries to experience civil war. That was because the French effectively gave informal security guarantees to postindependence governments.) Collier concedes that his argument is bound to elicit acc
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