|
The cell is promising but not presently price-competitive with hydrogen production by steam
reforming of natural gas at about 1000 °C: CH4 + H2O ® CO + 3 H2.
The carbon monoxide of this methane reformation reaction is used to make more hydrogen with the
"water gas shift" reaction at about 500 °C: H2O + CO ® CO2 + H2. However, hydrocarbon fuels may
become scarce and expensive in the future.
The photochemical cell has the advantage of producing no carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) and no
carbon dioxide is formed when hydrogen is used as a fuel: 2 H2 + O2 ® 2 H2O. C&EN, 11, April 20, 1998
and O. Khaselev and J.A. Turner, Science, 80, 425 (1998).
(Top) http://homepages.ius.edu/MCADY/Science_Briefs.htm#Cisplatin
http://www.empowerces.com/hydrogen.htm
http://www.emsd.gov.hk/emsd/eng/wnew/exhibition_gallery.shtml
photovoltaic production of hydrogen
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Battery Alternative for Electric Cars
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http://www.inhabitat.com/2008/01/24/aquarius-tower-the-most-sustainable-edifice-on-the-atlanta-skyline/#more-7931
January 24, 2008
Aquarius Tower: Greenest Skyscraper on the Atlanta Skyline
by Mahesh Basantani
http://www.inhabitat.com/2008/01/24/stunning-air-trees-only-byproducts-are-
h2o-energy/#more-8095
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Sunshine To Dollars $19.95
FREE Solar Panels, Energy, Heating and Cooking at your house. Sunshine to Dollars is one of the most
unique books ever written on Solar Energy. The book not only shows how to make hot air, hot water,
solar concentration to 3000 degrees Fahrenheit, water pasteurization and much more, but the author
shows where to get the glass for FREE, and even where to get PV panels for free. This book will have
you building solar heaters in one afternoon. This is the most "hands on" enabling book ever written
in the field. Get it today. As of 11/2006 the book as been updated, edited and is now professionally
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solar electronic production of hydrogen
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Hydrogen Manufacture by Electrolysis, Thermal Decomposition and Unusual Techniques
http://www.knowledgepublications.com/hydrogen/hydrogen_manufacture_detail.htm
This book deals with sources and processes for the production of hydrogen. Hydrogen is often produced
from natural gas and by petroleum refining. However, it is extremely important to understand and develop
other means for obtaining this essential energy carrier. Hydrogen, like electricity, is not a naturally
occurring energy form, but must be manufactured from basic energy resources. Again, like electricity, any
basic energy resource could be used to produce hydrogen.
Hydrogen Manufacture by Electrolysis, Thermal Decomposition and Unusual Techniques presents a survey of
existing and future technologies for hydrogen production with an eye to their usefulness for a
"hydrogen economy." Published technological studies were the basis for this review. The available material
has been organized, abstracted and excerpted so as to provide YOU with a comprehensive overview of
investigations and analysis of different hydrogen production practices that have been accomplished.
Hydrogen Manufacture by Electrolysis, Thermal Decomposition and Unusual Techniques
http://www.knowledgepublications.com/hydrogen/hydrogen_manufacture_detail.htm
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6521205-0-large.jpg
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6521205.html
Title:Process for the production of hydrogen by thermal decomposition of water, and apparatus therefor
Document Type and Number:United States Patent 6521205 Link to this page:
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6521205.html
Abstract:The invention provides processes and apparatus for producing hydrogen from water, including
the steps of heating water to a water dissociating temperature to form a dissociated water
reaction mixture comprising hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. A vortex is formed of the reaction mixture
to subject the reaction mixture to a centrifugal force about a longitudinal axis of an interior space
of a vortex tube reactor, so that there is radial stratification of the hydrogen gas and the oxygen
gas in the interior space of the vortex tube reactor. Hydrogen or oxygen is preferentially extracted
from the reaction mixture at spaced apart points along the length of the interior space of the vorte
tube reactor.
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related: http://www.dangerouslaboratories.org/h2homesystem.pdf
What Is Needed to Produce Hydrogen at Home?
Our system includes the following components and
sub-systems (see the block diagram next page):
• Solar electric power and/or utility grid power
• Power Controller
• Electrolyzer
• Hydrogen Purifier
• Oxygen Purifier
• Hydrogen and Oxygen Storage Tanks
• Electrolyte Storage Tank and Transfer Pump
• Makeup-water Purifier
related:www.dangerouslaboratories.org/h2homesystem.pdf
SOLAR TODAY - Homesolar today is a bi-monthly magazine that covers all
solar technologies, from photovoltaics to climate-responsive building to wind power.
http://www.solartoday.org/2004/may_june04/h2_get_there.htm -
IsraCast: ZINC POWDER WILL DRIVE YOUR HYDROGEN CARSep 9, 2005 ...
A revolutionary method of using concentrated solar energy for producing hydrogen
in a clean, safe and inexpensive way was developed by a ...
http://www.isracast.com/tech_news/090905_tech.htm -
[PDF] Solar Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTML
CALIFORNIA STATE SCIENCE FAIR. 2005 PROJECT SUMMARY.
Ap2/05. Name(s). Project Number. Project Title. Abstract. Summary Statement. Help Received ...
http://www.usc.edu/CSSF/History/2005/Projects/J0523.pdf -
DOE Hydrogen Program: 2005 Annual Progress Report -
Production2005 Annual Progress Report. IV. Production. This section of the 2005
Progress Report for the DOE Hydrogen Program focuses on production. ...
http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/annual_progress05_production.html -
Hydrogen SeparatorGo to previous invention (Hillsafe Seat)
Go to next invention (Pants Holder) Go to Free Invention List · Home.
IMPORTANT: My inventions are free for anyone ...
http://www.inventwrite.com/HydrogenSeparator.htm -
NREL: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Research - Hydrogen Production and ...
Almost all of the hydrogen produced in the U.S. today is by steam reforming
of natural gas and for the near term,
this method of production will continue to ...
http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/proj_production_delivery.html -
[PDF] Hydrogen-Oxygen PEM Regenerative Fuel Cell Energy Storage System
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTML
David J. Bents and Vincent J. Scullin. Glenn Research Center, Cleveland,
Ohio. Bei-Jiann Chang, Donald W. Johnson, and Christopher P. Garcia ...
http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/reports/2005/TM-2005-213381.pdf -
Electrolysis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to: navigation, search. This
article is about the chemical process. For the cosmetic hair removal procedure, ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis - 46k - Cached - Similar pages
Electrolysis of water - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaHoffman voltameter
used to electrolyze water. Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of
water (H2O) into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen gas
(H2) due to an ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water -
potassium hydroxide: Definition and Much More from Answers.compotassium
hydroxide n. A caustic white solid, KOH, used as a bleach and in the manufacture
of soaps, dyes, alkaline batteries,
and many potassium.
http://www.answers.com/topic/potassium-hydroxide -
electronic production of hydrogen
http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&resnum=0&q=electronic+production+of+hydrogen&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wi
electronic production of hydrogen
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&sa=X&oi=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&q=electronic+production+of+hydrogen
http://www.water4gas.com/2books.htm
http://www.statkraft.com/pub/innovation/teknologiutvikling_i_statkraft/hydrogen/index.asp
http://www.designnews.com/index.asp?layout=articlePrint&articleID=CA6485704
http://www.empowerces.com/hydrogen.htm
http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys301/lectures/spec_lines/spec_lines.html
]redrawing-hydrogen4atonomy.jpg
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/1996/ph162/l11.html
http://www.hybridcarnews.org/entry/smaller-safe-affordable-carbon-based-battery-for-hybrid-electric-vehicles/
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/1996/ph162/l11.html
Chemistry: Periodic Table and More
http://www.chemicool.com/
2007 Engineering Salary Survey - Available Now!
In Partnership with Aerotek Did your pay increase measure up to the industry average last year? Based on your level of education and years of service, what should your annual base salary be?
What specific skills do engineers need to get ahead in their profession today?
The Design News 2007 Engineering Salary Survey has the answers. Get it Now!
Light Matters: The US Department of Energy is Adopting High-Brightness LEDs (HBLEDs)
In Partnership with Avnet Lighting accounts for at least 20% of the electricity used
in all buildings, and today HBLEDs are four times more efficient than halogen or
incandescent sources.
Find out how HBLED-based illumination can translate directly into energy savings. Read More
Cree To “Obsolete The Light Bulb
http://www.pddnet.com/scripts/ShowPR.aspRID=21898&CommonCount=0
Acquisition Sets Stage To Make Light Bulb Obsolete Cree To “Obsolete The Light Bulb”
CEO Chuck Swoboda says deal with LED Lighting Fixtures sets the stage for Cree to obsolete the light bulb. (Photo Courtesy http://www.moonbattery.com) Cree, a market leader in LED solid-state lighting components, has signed a definitive agreement to acquire privately-held LED Lighting Fixtures (LLF).The cash and stock transaction is valued at approximately $77 million, plus up to an additional $26.4 million over a three-year period.LLF is pioneering the development of LED lighting retrofit products. “The combination of Cree’s lighting-class LEDs and LLF’s lighting-systems technologies should set the stage for Cree to obsolete the light bulb, a 19th century invention that wastes energy and pollutes our environment," says Chuck Swoboda, chief executive officer of Cree. Cree's business will encompass LED chips, components and lighting solutions.LLF will be renamed Cree LED Lighting Solutions.
Neal Hunter, chairman and chief executive officer of LLF and Cree co-founder, will rejoin Cree as president of Cree LED Lighting Solutions. Click here for more on the Cree/LLF deal from http://www.pddnet.com
Product Design & Development
199 East Badger Road, Suite 201 199 East Badger R, Madison, WI 53713.
CST: A Force in Sensor Manufacturing
In partnership with Custom Sensor Technologies
CST's in-depth knowledge of the Industrial, Transportation, and Aerospace & Defense
industry trends enables proactive development of not just products and systems – but solutions.
Find out how the CST companies were the first to develop a number of significant sensor
technologies. Read More
http://www.water4gas.com/2books.htm
http://www.designnews.com/index.asp?layout=articlePrint&articleID=CA6485704
New RFID Technologies Announced at RFID World Boston
Sean Snyder, Associate Editor -- 10/1/2007 6:28:00 AM
A
http://email.designnews.com/cgi-bin2/DM/y/hzHk0LPiQ40W7D0DNQi0E7&rid=464641439
RFID technologists, distributors and thinkers from around the world joined together last week at
RFID World in Boston, MA. Sessions and the show floor focused on the real-world relevance of RFID
and how to safely, securely and successfully apply the technology.
Show speakers discussed certain roadblocks to the implementation of RFID technology — some precautionary,
some logistical and some paranoid. The main security concern with RFID is a person operating a malicious
reader could read information off a tag without the owner knowing.
David Husak, co-founder and CTO of Reva Systems, was most concerned with how RFID readers interact with
and distract each other. “You have to deploy a lot of them and you have to deploy them in very close proximity
to one another and when you turn them on, they don’t play nice with each other,” said Husak, who has a background
in networking. “One of Reva’s very fundamental innovations is that we connect all those readers in a network,
but we look at them and operate them as one unified system not as a bunch of standalone autonomous readers
working on their own,” he said.
Reva recently worked with Metro Group of Germany to implement an RFID system in its Galeria Kaufhof store.
Metro’s system involves a “magic mirror” and “smart dressing rooms” that allow customers to gain information
about the products they are considering when they are in proximity of these RFID-enabled devices. Husik has
realistic objectives when it comes to his company and RFID technology. “Our goal is to be at least as good as
barcodes,” he says.
Bert Moore, director of communications for the Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility (AIM),
addressed issues regarding the value of data and security measures that can help to secure data. He explained
that there should be no more data on an RFID tag than necessary and that most malicious attacks on RFID systems
should provide very little gain for the attacker beyond individual annoyance or inconvenience for the user.
In most cases, according to Moore, in order to get to the “fun places” with RFID authentication, there is a lot
more required than a simple reader. For instance, he said, if someone were to steal BoeingSenior Manager of
Supply Chain Technology for Integrated Defense Systems Steven G. Georgevitch's RFID badge, they could get into
the building, but in order to get to the “fun places” there would be extra security measures like a retinal
scan or fingerprint authentication and a security guard who would know who is allowed access.
In regard to the practicality of malicious users stealing information for actual gain, Moore gave another
example of an RFID-assisted theft that involved countless hours of preparation, expensive equipment, a
fraudulent point of sale terminal and a corrupt employee to capture financial information. He then positioned
the scenario against a more common scenario of giving a credit card to a server at a restaurant and how all a
criminal would need to steal information is a pen and paper. Much more effort is required for RFID theft.
Marc Doyan, technology engineer for Quatred, LLC, talked about the validity or invalidity of these and more
security concerns. One topic that received a lot of attention was the implementation of RFID tags in American
passports. Doyan discredited concerns for data collection on a number of levels.
According to Doyan, when closed, the outer cover of the book prevents the RFID tag from being interrogated by
a reader. Also, the information on the tag is the exact same as the information available on the inside of
the book, so there is no additional information that someone could gain from reading the tag that they couldn’t
get by opening to the first page of the book. Furthermore, the tag is encrypted and requires an access key,
which is printed on the first page of the book; this code is read by customs agents using an optical scanner
to speed up the process and to keep lines moving.
Doyan also addressed concerns of RFID-enabled products in retail stores. The fear is the company would know
what a shopper buys and be able to use or sell this information. Doyan pointed out that through customer
rewards programs, stores already have this information, so there is no need for them to deploy an expensive
system to collect information they already have.
Other speakers at RFID World included Sayan Chkraborty, CTO and VP of engineering and operations for SkyTek Inc.,
Pete Martin, president of AAID Security Solutions Inc. and Tony Sabetti, vice president of RF solutions for
Sirit Inc. Visit the RFID World website to view a full speaker list and download presentations from the conference.
© 2007, Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.
http://email.designnews.com/cgi-bin2/DM/y/hzHk0LPiQ40W7D0DNQk0EA&rid=464641439
2007 Golden Mousetrap Best Product Winners
Choosing the winners of this year's Design News' Golden Mousetrap Awards from a
record number of entries in six categories was no easy task. Take an in-depth
look at the winners and their stiff competition. Read More
Custom Sensors & Technologies (CST)
CST represents a unique collection of companies under one umbrella as a distinct global business unit
within Schneider Electric.
Now a singular business, they represents a set of proven brands with a long-standing ability to deliver
advanced application-specific solutions across a wide array of sensing technologies along with control and actuation products.
View All Resources from Custom Sensors & Technologies (CST)
http://email.designnews.com/cgi-bin2/DM/y/hzHk0LPiQ40W7D0DNQk0EA&rid=464641439
Light Matters: The US Department of Energy is Adopting High-Brightness LEDs (HBLEDs)
In Partnership with Avnet Lighting accounts for at least 20% of the electricity used in all buildings, and today HBLEDs
are four times more efficient than halogen or incandescent sources. Find out how HBLED-based illumination can translate
directly into energy savings. Read More
Web Elements - Periodic Table on the WWW
1
http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=Web+Elements+-+Periodic+Table+on+the+WWW++&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wi
2
http://images.google.com/images?um=1&hl=en&sa=X&oi=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&q=WebElements+-+Periodic+Table+on+the+WWW++
3
http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&resnum=0&q=hydrogen+&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wi
4
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/1996/ph162/l11.html
Nanotechnology Applications in Hydrogen Storage
Nanotechnology's most recent contribution to the hydrogen storage problem was described in a May 4, 2005
posting [2] where researchers proposed a method for storing hydrogen which they claimed was one-third
more efficiently than the 6%-by-weight break-even storage density established by the energy industry [24].
The authors do not understand the break-even requirement, which is the 2010 target for the ratio of hydrogen
mass to the entire fuel delivery system mass, not just the weight of the storage matrix. Just remember -
externalities must be understood but are almost always swept under the rug of hype.
The proposed method is based on detailed first-principles calculations of hydrogen molecule bonding to
single-walled carbon nanotubes that have been "decorated" with titanium atoms as shown in the righthand
figure. Calculations showed that as many as 4 hydrogen molecules (8 atoms - hydrogen is diatomic) will
bond with the titanium atom/carbon complex, meaning these nanotubes can hold 8% their weight in
hydrogen gas. The hydrogen is further calculated to release (desorb) easily as diatomic molecular hydrogen
when the structure is heated to about 500C. This property makes carbon nanotubes peppered with titanium
potentially viable as hydrogen storage matrices.
Topic Sitemap Assignments References
Image. Carbon nanotubes covered in titanium atoms provide the most efficient method for storing hydrogen
known to date. Despite their small size, they can hold 8% their weight in hydrogen gas. [2]
Nanotechnology and the Hydrogen Economy
http://nanopedia.case.edu/NWPage.php?page=nano.hydrogen.economy
The hydrogen economy promises to improve the environment while dramatically reducing man's dependence on
hydrocarbon fuels. This comprehensive model requires economic and eco-friendly generation of hydrogen,
its storage and distribution, and its end-use in economical hydrogen fuel-cell-powered vehicles and other
self-powered energy-consuming products.
Applying the paradigm of nanotechnology, the entire fuel cycle promises to be more economical and
eco-friendly. A May 2, 2005 UPI article by C. Q. Choi identified the impact of "nano" in the first of
three areas of the hydrogen economy
[1]:
Solar-powered hydrogen generation - the breakup of water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen gas. Read more.
Safe, compact storage of hydrogen as well as its cost-effective transport and distribution are also aided
by nano-scale technology. These same methods will make a car's hydrogen fuel tank low-weight and secure. Read more
Hydrogen fuel cells themselves are major targets of nanotechnology innovation. Read more.
TEACHERS: Discussion of the hydrogen economy and practical-math problems for students to solve.
Topic Sitemap Assignments References Standards
http://nanopedia.case.edu/NWPage.php?page=nano.hydrogen.economy
5
http://www.statkraft.com/pub/innovation/teknologiutvikling_i_statkraft/hydrogen/index.asp
Hydrogen in brief
How does it work?
Hydrogen is an energy carrier in the same manner as electricity. It can be produced from renewables as well
as from fossil sources by a number of production methods. Hydrogen can be stored and reconverted to electricity
for stationary use or utilised as fuel in the transport sector. Utilising hydrogen as fuel in the transport
sector is the main driver for introducing hydrogen as an energy carrier.
The main driver for introducing hydrogen as an energy carrier is to utilise it as fuel in the transport sector.
Hydrogen can be produced by utilising electricity generated from renewable sources such as hydro, wind or solar.
In this case no emissions will result, neither from production nor use of hydrogen as fuel. Hydrogen generated
from renewables can therefore be termed “green hydrogen”. However, if fossil fuels are used as a production method,
the generated hydrogen will only be regarded as emission free if carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) are included
in the hydrogen production chain. Green hydrogen will be essential if sustainability is important for the future.
The main driver for introducing hydrogen as an energy carrier is to utilise it as fuel in the transport sector.
If hydrogen is to be a viable option in this field, the hydrogen infrastructure and vehicles have to become cost
competitive with conventional options such as diesel. The cost of hydrogen vehicles was found to have the biggest
impact on cost-competitiveness, followed by fluctuations in the price of crude oil.
http://www.statkraft.com/pub/innovation/teknologiutvikling_i_statkraft/hydrogen/index.asp
Fri Feb 22 08 from Ken
http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9860&page=55
[12:03:00 AM] Tongue Press says: http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9860&page=R1
[12:03:08 AM] Tongue Press says: THE IMPACT OF SELLING THE FEDERAL HELIUM RESERVE
[12:03:33 AM] Tongue Press says: ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
[12:04:19 AM] Tongue Press says: http://www.corrosionsource.com/handbook/periodic/2.htm
[12:32:24 AM] Tongue Press says: http://www.lermanet.com/antarcticmelt/
http://www.lermanet.com/antarcticmelt/
http://www.corrosionsource.com/whatis.htm
http://www.corrosionsource.com/handbook/periodic/perd_pg.htm
Chemicool Periodic Table @ mit.edu
http://www.chemicool.com/
Web Elements - Periodic Table on the WWW
http://www.intercorr.com/awwa.html
Corrosion Control Procedures
When corrosion does occur in a water supply, several corrective treatments are useful in reducing the
corrosion rate. Clearly the best method is to prevent water to metal contact, and a number of coating
and plating procedures are used for this purpose. Yet these methods are not always possible or economically
feasible, and a number of chemical treatments have been developed to condition the water to reduce the
corrosion rates to reasonable levels.
In industrial systems or where the water will not be used for human consumption, oxygen scavengers are
frequently used to reduce this corrosive gas in the water. High concentrations of "passivating" chemicals
are common in recirculating systems because of their inhibiting effects. Yet neither of these approaches
are applied to water used in households because of the possible toxic effects of the chemicals, and because
some make the water unsuitable for general household use, producing heavy stains or discolorations.
Thus, corrosion control methods for municipal and household water systems are currently limited to two approaches,
neutralization of acidity with alkaline materials, and the feeding of small amounts of chemicals which tend
to line the water system with protective films.
Calcite (calcium carbonate) and magnesia (magnesium oxide) filters have long been used to neutralize household
acid waters. As water flows through beds of these materials, the acidity dissolves enough of the filter media to
produce an essentially neutral water. Other installations use chemical solution feeders to introduce solutions
of soda ash (sodium carbonate) or caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) to the water in proportion to the acidity,
producing a neutral or slightly alkaline water.
Some municipal systems use lime (calcium hydroxide) to increase
alkalinity and pH. Several types of polyphosphates and silicates may be fed into water systems for corrosion
control. In some cases slowly soluble forms are fed with "pot" type feeders, while in others, solutions are fed
with chemical solution pumps. Both the silicates and polyphosphates tend to form thin films on the interior
surfaces of the plumbing, thus reducing the water to metal contact. Feeds should be essentially continuous, however,
to form and maintain the protective films.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Robo-roach
http://www.intercorr.com/roach.htm
(1) Schneider, Carl R. and Stumm, Werner:
"Evaluation of Corrosion in Distribution Systems."
Journal AWWA May 1964, pp. 621-631 http://www.intercorr.com/awwa.html
Just think of the possibilities of these little corrosion inspectors!
But how do they get NACE certified??????
Japan's latest innovation: a remote-control roach
By ERIC TALMADOE Associated Press
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOKYO - A big brown cockroach crawls across the table in the laboratory of Japan's most prestigious university.
The researcher eyes it nervously, but he doesn't go for the bug spray. He grabs the remote. This is no ordinary
under-the-refrigerator type bug. This roach has been surgically implanted with a micro-robotic backpack that allows
researchers to control its movements. This is Robo-roach.
"Insects can do many things that people can't, " said Assistant Professor Isao Shimoyama, head of the bio-robot
research team at Tokyo University. "The potential applications of this work for mankind could be immense." Within
a few years, Shimoyama says, electronically controlled insects carrying mini-cameras or other sensory devices could
be used for a variety of sensitive missions - like crawling through earthquake rubble to search for victims, or
slipping under doors on espionage surveillance.
Far-fetched as that might seem, the Japanese government has deemed the research credible enough to award $5 million
to Shimoyama's micro-robotics team and biologists at Tsukuba University, a leading science center in central Japan.
Money from the five-year grant started coming in this month, and young researchers are lining up for a slot on
Shimoyama's team.
The team breeds its own supply of several hundred cockroaches in plastic bins. Not just any roach will do. Researchers
use only the american cockroach (Perplaneta americana) because it is bigger and hardier than most other species. From
that supply, they select roaches to equip with high-tech "backpacks" - tiny microprocessor and electrode sets.
Before surgery, researchers gas the roach with carbon dioxide. Wings and antennae are removed. Where the antennae used
to be researchers fit pulse-emitting electrodes. With a remote, researchers send signals to the backpacks, which
stimulate the electrodes. The pulsing electrodes make the roach turn left, turn right, scamper forward or spring backward.
Over the past three years, researchers have reduced the weight of the backpacks to one-tenth of an ounce, or about
twice the weight of the roaches themselves. "Cockroaches are very strong," said Swiss researcher Raphael Holzer, part
of the Tokyo University team. "They can lift 20 times their own weight." The controls, however, still have a few serious
bugs of their own.
Holzer jolts a roach with an electric pulse to make it move slightly to the right and keep to an inch-wide path. Instead,
the roach races off the edge of a table into Holzer's outstretched hands. "The placement of the electrodes is till very
inexact," he admits, settling the bug back on the track.
While a backpack-fitted roach can survive for several months, it becomes less sensitive to the electronic pulses over time -
a big problem if the bugs are to be used on longer missions. Holzer is optimistic. "The technology isn't so difficult,"
he said. "The difficulty is to really understand what is happening in the nervous system." And technology aside, Robo-roach
is still, after all, a roach.
"They are not very nice insects," Holzer confesses. "They are a little bit smelly, and there's something about the way
they move their antennae. But they look nicer when you put a little circuit on their backs and remove their wings."
http://www.intercorr.com/roach.htm
roach2.jpg
bad carma
Solar Hydrogen
32 Home Power #39 • February / March 1994
Solar Hydrogen
Production by
Electrolysis
Walt Pyle, Jim Healy, Reynaldo Cortez
©1994 Walt Pyle, Jim Healy, Reynaldo Cortez
W
hy would anyone want to
produce hydrogen at home?
Hydrogen can be used as a
non-toxic energy storage and transport
medium. Hydrogen that is made from
water using solar energy is a
sustainable and renewable home
energy supply. Make hay (or hydrogen)
while the sun shines. Then use the
stored hydrogen to produce heat and
electricity on demand, day or night!
We got excited about solar hydrogen production during
the seventies and the first oil shocks. What happened
between the seventies and nineties? For the most part
we worked with thermolysis (splitting water with
concentrated solar heat) and photoelectrolysis (splitting
water in a liquid solar cell). We also followed the work
of other hydrogen pioneers, such as Roger Billings and
his associates, who produced and used hydrogen in
home appliances and vehicles.
The article by Richard Perez about the Schatz PV
Hydrogen Project ( HP #22, pp. 26–30) and a
subsequent visit to Humboldt State University’s Trinidad
Marine Laboratory launched us into designing and
making a “home-sized” system based on electrolysis of
water. Electrolysis is the competition for thermolysis
and photoelectrolysis at this juncture.
Hydrogen and oxygen can be produced from water
using electricity with an electrolyzer. This article
describes the installation and operation of a 12 cell
Hydrogen Wind Inc. 1000 Watt electrolyzer. This
electrolyzer can produce 170 liters/hour (6 cubic
feet/hour) of hydrogen and 85 liters/hour (3 cubic
feet/hour) of oxygen (at standard temperature and
pressure).
In addition, we describe a homebrew purification and
storage system for the hydrogen and oxygen produced
by the electrolyzer. With proper after-treatment, the
gases produced can be stored safely. The purified
hydrogen and oxygen can be used in fuel cells (to
produce direct current electricity) and catalytic burners
(for heating and cooking) without poisoning or
damaging the noble metal catalyst materials. The gases
can also be used for welding and cutting, as well as for
motor vehicle fuel.
!!!!Safety First!!!!
Making and storing hydrogen and oxygen is not kid’s
stuff — this is “rocket fuel”! Use flashback flame
arrestors on the hydrogen and oxygen outlets from the
electrolyzer. Secure dangerous caustic from small
prying hands. Make sure your gases are pure before
storing them. More on safety follows.
How Much Hydrogen Do I Need?
This varies tremendously from household to household,
depending on how well the Demand Side Management
job has been done. We can run our Platinum Cat space
heater for about three hours on a cubic meter of
hydrogen. The amount of gas needed can be estimated
from the energy consumption of any appliance.
Amanda Potter and Mark Newell’s article in HP#32 (pp.
42–45) describes the operation of an electrolyzer and
shows how to calculate the amount of gas needed to
run appliances. See articles on hydrogen space heating
in HP #34, hydrogen cooking in HP #33, and making
electricity from hydrogen with a fuel cell in HP#35.
How Much Power Does It Take?
A cubic meter (35.3 cubic feet) of hydrogen gas takes
about 5.9 hours to produce in this electrolyzer, when
operated at its rated input power of 1000 Watts. This
means the energy required to produce a cubic meter of
hydrogen and 0.5 cubic meter of oxygen is about 5.9
kW-hr. This translates to an efficiency of 51%, where 3
kW-hr/m 3 equals 100% efficiency at 20°C. Typical
industrial scale plants operate at about 4.5 kW-hr/m 3 or
67% efficiency at high current density. The efficiency is
better at lower current density.
What Is Needed to Produce Hydrogen at Home?
Our system includes the following components and
sub-systems (see the block diagram next page):
• Solar electric power and/or utility grid power
• Power Controller
• Electrolyzer
• Hydrogen Purifier
• Oxygen Purifier
• Hydrogen and Oxygen Storage Tanks
• Electrolyte Storage Tank and Transfer Pump
• Makeup-water Purifier
solid metalic hydrogen
solid metallic hydrogen
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